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15 Feb 2005

Volume 97, Issue 4, Articles (04xxxx)

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Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers and related structures: Controlled synthesis and directed assembly

A. V. Melechko, V. I. Merkulov, T. E. McKnight, M. A. Guillorn, K. L. Klein, D. H. Lowndes, and M. L. Simpson

J. Appl. Phys. 97, 041301 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1857591 (39 pages) | Cited 214 times

Online Publication Date: 3 February 2005

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Show Abstract
The controlled synthesis of materials by methods that permit their assembly into functional nanoscale structures lies at the crux of the emerging field of nanotechnology. Although only one of several materials families is of interest, carbon-based nanostructured materials continue to attract a disproportionate share of research effort, in part because of their wide-ranging properties. Additionally, developments of the past decade in the controlled synthesis of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers have opened additional possibilities for their use as functional elements in numerous applications. Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) are a subclass of carbon nanostructured materials that can be produced with a high degree of control using catalytic plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition (C-PECVD). Using C-PECVD the location, diameter, length, shape, chemical composition, and orientation can be controlled during VACNF synthesis. Here we review the CVD and PECVD systems, growth control mechanisms, catalyst preparation, resultant carbon nanostructures, and VACNF properties. This is followed by a review of many of the application areas for carbon nanotubes and nanofibers including electron field-emission sources, electrochemical probes, functionalized sensor elements, scanning probe microscopy tips, nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), hydrogen and charge storage, and catalyst support. We end by noting gaps in the understanding of VACNF growth mechanisms and the challenges remaining in the development of methods for an even more comprehensive control of the carbon nanofiber synthesis process.
Show PACS
81.05.U- Carbon/carbon-based materials
81.07.De Nanotubes
81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
52.77.-j Plasma applications
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
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