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Journal of Applied Physics / Volume 93 / Issue 2 / APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 793 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1524305 (26 pages)

Nanoscale thermal transport

David G. Cahill1, Wayne K. Ford2, Kenneth E. Goodson3, Gerald D. Mahan4, Arun Majumdar5, Humphrey J. Maris6, Roberto Merlin7, and Simon R. Phillpot8

1Department of Material Science and Engineering and the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
2Intel Corporation, 5200 NE Elam Young Parkway, Hillsboro, Orgeon 97124
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
4Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
5Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
6Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
7Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
8Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439

(Received 28 January 2002; accepted 1 August 2002)

Rapid progress in the synthesis and processing of materials with structure on nanometer length scales has created a demand for greater scientific understanding of thermal transport in nanoscale devices, individual nanostructures, and nanostructured materials. This review emphasizes developments in experiment, theory, and computation that have occurred in the past ten years and summarizes the present status of the field. Interfaces between materials become increasingly important on small length scales. The thermal conductance of many solid–solid interfaces have been studied experimentally but the range of observed interface properties is much smaller than predicted by simple theory. Classical molecular dynamics simulations are emerging as a powerful tool for calculations of thermal conductance and phonon scattering, and may provide for a lively interplay of experiment and theory in the near term. Fundamental issues remain concerning the correct definitions of temperature in nonequilibrium nanoscale systems. Modern Si microelectronics are now firmly in the nanoscale regime—experiments have demonstrated that the close proximity of interfaces and the extremely small volume of heat dissipation strongly modifies thermal transport, thereby aggravating problems of thermal management. Microelectronic devices are too large to yield to atomic-level simulation in the foreseeable future and, therefore, calculations of thermal transport must rely on solutions of the Boltzmann transport equation; microscopic phonon scattering rates needed for predictive models are, even for Si, poorly known. Low-dimensional nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes, are predicted to have novel transport properties; the first quantitative experiments of the thermal conductivity of nanotubes have recently been achieved using microfabricated measurement systems. Nanoscale porosity decreases the permittivity of amorphous dielectrics but porosity also strongly decreases the thermal conductivity. The promise of improved thermoelectric materials and problems of thermal management of optoelectronic devices have stimulated extensive studies of semiconductor superlattices; agreement between experiment and theory is generally poor. Advances in measurement methods, e.g., the 3ω method, time-domain thermoreflectance, sources of coherent phonons, microfabricated test structures, and the scanning thermal microscope, are enabling new capabilities for nanoscale thermal metrology. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.

© 2003 American Institute of Physics

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KEYWORDS and PACS

Keywords

nanostructured materials, reviews, thermal conductivity, interface phenomena, molecular dynamics method, thermal management (packaging), Boltzmann equation, carbon nanotubes, porosity, semiconductor superlattices, thermoreflectance, interface phonons, thermoelectricity, phonon-phonon interactions

PACS

  • 65.80.-g

    Thermal properties of small particles, nanocrystals, nanotubes, and other related systems

  • 63.22.-m

    Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials

  • 01.30.Rr

    Surveys and tutorial papers; resource letters

  • 68.65.Cd

    Superlattices

  • 68.35.Ja

    Surface and interface dynamics and vibrations

  • 72.20.Pa

    Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects

  • 63.20.K-

    Phonon interactions

  • 78.20.N-

    Thermo-optic effects

  • 78.20.nb

    Photothermal effects

ARTICLE DATA

Digital Object Identifier
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1524305

PUBLICATION DATA

ISSN

0021-8979 (print)  
1089-7550 (online)

Publisher

$abstract.society.value is a Member of CrossRef American Institute of Physics

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