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15 May 2003

Volume 93, Issue 10, pp. 5855-8792

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Permeability tensor of magnetized ferrites at microwave frequencies: A comparison between theory and experiment

Stéphane Mallégol, Patrick Quéffélec, and Marcel Le Floc’h

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7471 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1555393 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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The permeability tensor of partially magnetized ferrites or composite materials, given by a recent mathematical model developed in our laboratory, is compared with measured one over the 50 MHz–6 GHz frequency range. The characterization method used to measure the tensor components μ, κ is based on the broadband determination of the S parameters of a nonreciprocal strip transmission line. The quasistatic electromagnetic analysis of the measurement cell permits the expression of μ and κ analytically from the S parameters. The theoretical approach used to calculate μ and κ is based on the extension of the effective medium approximation (EMA) to the case of anisotropic magnetic materials. The interactions between magnetic domains and the hysteresis phenomenon are taken into account in our calculations. The good agreement observed between simulated and measured μ and κ data for polycrystalline ferrites and ferrimagnetic or ferromagnetic loaded composites provides an experimental validation of the model. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
75.60.Ch Domain walls and domain structure

Experimental demonstration of the nonreciprocity of magnetic composite materials for microwave applications

Patrick Quéffélec, Anne-Marie Konn, Philippe Gelin, and Stéphane Mallégol

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7474 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1557942 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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The purpose of this article is to bring out the nonreciprocity of ferrimagnetic powder loaded composites. We first describe their technology of preparation. Then we briefly recall the principle of the broadband measurement method used to determine the permeability tensor components of magnetized materials. Our experimental results performed at X-band frequencies (8–12 GHz) on two different ferrimagnetic loaded composite samples are presented and discussed. We finally show that for each material under test, the off-diagonal component κ of the permeability tensor, which is at the origin of the nonreciprocal effect, is of a magnitude comparable to the magnitude observed in bulk ferrites. This result proves that powders technology can be used to realize composite materials for nonreciprocal microwave applications. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
85.70.Ge Ferrite and garnet devices
75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
07.57.-c Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave instruments and equipment

Temperature dependence of core loss in Co-substituted MnZn ferrites

A. Fujita and S. Gotoh

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7477 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1557952 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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Substitution of Co2+ for a small part of Fe2+ in (MnZn)Fe2O3 results in much smaller temperature variation in core loss, compared with that of conventional MnZn ferrite used for transformers. This effect appears in the temperature dependence of hysteresis loss rather than two other contributions of loss, eddy current loss, and residual loss. The total loss not exceeding 370 kW/m3 at 100 kHz/200 mT is obtained in the wide temperature range from 0 to 100 °C. However, excess substitution gives rise to a steep increase of loss below room temperature. Both the improvement of temperature dependence and the abrupt changes in loss in a lower-temperature region accompanying Co2+ substitution could result from a change in the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant K1. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
85.70.Ge Ferrite and garnet devices
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy

Analysis of magnetic aftereffects in strontium hexagonal ferrites with W-type stoichiometry

P. Hernández-Gómez, C. Torres, C. de Francisco, J. M. Muñoz, and K. Hisatake

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7480 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1540144 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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The relaxation of the initial permeability has been measured in polycrystalline Sr hexaferrites with the initial composition of W phase (SrO⋅9Fe2O3). The samples have been prepared by means of standard ceramic techniques at different temperatures in the 1250 °C<T<1420 °C range in air as well as CO2 sintering atmospheres and then rapidly quenched to provide the presence of crystal vacancies. X-ray diffraction spectra reveal the presence of hexaferrite as the main phase. In the temperature range between 80 and 500 K, the magnetic disaccommodation is represented by means of isochronal curves. The isochronal spectra show the presence of different after-effect processes whose maxima lie at 365 K, 300 K, and 165 K (respectively, A, B, and D peaks). They correspond to thermally activated relaxation processes with activation energies of 1 eV, 0.8 eV, and 0.5 eV, respectively. Processes A and B are connected to ionic reorientations of ferrous cations and lattice vacancies within the octahedral sites in spinel-like S blocks whereas D peak is associated with a similar process in face-sharing octahedral sites located in the hexagonal R blocks of the lattice. Regarding the corresponding isochronal spectra of barium W-type ferrites, we can observe that the C process centered at 240 K does not appear in Sr hexaferrites. This suggests that the relaxation processes which take place in the hexagonal R blocks are not favorable in Sr hexaferrites, probably due to the smaller size of the Sr ion. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.60.Lr Magnetic aftereffects
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
61.66.Dk Alloys
61.72.J- Point defects and defect clusters
81.05.Je Ceramics and refractories (including borides, carbides, hydrides, nitrides, oxides, and silicides)
81.20.Ev Powder processing: powder metallurgy, compaction, sintering, mechanical alloying, and granulation

Ultrafine NiFe2O4 powder fabricated from reverse microemulsion process

Jiye Fang, Narayan Shama, Le Duc Tung, Eun Young Shin, Charles J. O’Connor, Kevin L. Stokes, Gabriel Caruntu, John B. Wiley, Leonard Spinu, and Jinke Tang

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7483 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1555394 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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NiFe2O4 ultrafine powder with high crystallinity has been prepared through a reverse microemulsion route. The composition in starting solution was optimized, and the resulting NiFe2O4 was formed at temperature of around 550–600 °C, which is much lower than that observed from the solid-state reaction. Magnetic investigation indicates that samples are soft-magnetic materials with low coercivity and with the saturation magnetization close to the bulk value of Ni ferrite. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions

Magnetic properties of ultrafine cobalt ferrite particles

L. D. Tung, V. Kolesnichenko, D. Caruntu, N. H. Chou, C. J. O’Connor, and L. Spinu

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7486 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1540145 (3 pages) | Cited 51 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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We have studied magnetic properties of a diluted system of ultrafine cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (d∼3.3 nm). From the peak of the zero-field-cooled measurements, we obtained the blocking temperature TB of about 90.5 K and it is virtually independent of the applied magnetic field up to 5 kOe. At the superparamagnetic region T>TB, the system follows the modified Curie-law variation of the magnetic susceptibility χ=χo+C/T. We observed that the saturation magnetization follows a spin-wavelike temperature dependence at temperature above 10 K. In spite of the cubic structure for cobalt ferrite, at 2 K, the reduced remanence Mr/Ms is equal to 0.46 which is close to the theoretical value of 0.5 expected for noninteracting uniaxial single-domain particles with the easy axis randomly oriented. From the ac susceptibility measurements at different frequencies, we obtained a linear dependence of the logarithm of the experimental time window τex as function of inverse blocking temperature (1/TB). The fitting results in the anisotropy constant value K of 3.15×107 erg/cm3 that is one order of magnitude higher than 1.8–3.0×106 erg/cm3 in bulk CoFe2O4 materials. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
75.60.Ch Domain walls and domain structure
75.40.Gb Dynamic properties (dynamic susceptibility, spin waves, spin diffusion, dynamic scaling, etc.)

Preparation and characterization of MnZn–ferrite nanoparticles using reverse micelles

S. A. Morrison, C. L. Cahill, E. E. Carpenter, S. Calvin, and V. G. Harris

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7489 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1555751 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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Research on manganese zinc ferrites (MZFO) has undergone a renewal in recent years as advances in synthetic techniques promise smaller grain sizes and corresponding changes in material properties. Current techniques for nanoscale synthesis of ferrites, however, produce a broad distribution of particle sizes, thus limiting the density of compacted materials, and consequently altering coercivity [C. Rath et al., J. Appl. Phys. 91, 2211 (2002)]. To minimize porosity, bulk materials need to be pressed from uniform particles. Wet chemical synthesis performed in reverse micelles, in which pools of water are encased by surfactant molecules in an excess volume of oil, provides the greatest control over size and morphology. During synthesis, surfactant molecules keep particles separated and restrict particle growth. This affords greater control over the size and shape of the particles grown in the micelles and commonly results in highly uniform morphologies [J. P. Chen et al., J. Appl. Phys. 76, 6316 (1994); C. Liu et al., J. Phys. Chem. B. 104, 1141 (2000)]. As a first step, it is necessary to produce pure phase, nanosized ferrite particles, therefore in this study, analysis of the powder of a sample prepared by a reverse micelle technique is compared to a sample prepared by a traditional ceramic method. Future studies will focus on the porosity and subsequent material properties of compacted forms of the pure phase samples. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.07.Wx Nanopowders
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects

Mössbauer spectroscopic and x-ray diffraction studies of structural and magnetic properties of heat-treated (Ni0.5Zn0.5)Fe2O4 nanoparticles

De-Ping Yang, Lindsey K. Lavoie, Yide Zhang, Zongtao Zhang, and Shihui Ge

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7492 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1540146 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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Because of their high electrical resistivity and high magnetic permeability, nickel–zinc ferrites are among the best soft magnetic materials for high-frequency applications. In this work, a precursor of nanostructured (Ni0.5Zn0.5)Fe2O4 was obtained by a sol–gel method modified for large quantity production. Six heat-treated samples were produced by calcining the precursor for 3 h at 450, 500, 600, 650, 700, and 1100 °C, respectively. X-ray diffraction peak width data have been used to estimate the particle sizes of the calcined samples. Room-temperature and low-temperature 57Fe Mössbauer effect experiments allowed us to determine whether the heat-treated nanoparticles are crystalline or amorphous, whether there is a superparamagnetic phase, and which calcining temperature is optimum for obtaining a large magnetic hyperfine field and a homogeneous magnetic phase. Room-temperature Mössbauer spectra revealed that the precursor is paramagnetic, while the heat-treated samples have the ferrimagnetic phase. The samples heat treated at a calcining temperature of 650 °C or higher showed no residual paramagnetic phase, indicating that 650 °C is the threshold calcining temperature for homogeneous (Ni0.5Zn0.5)Fe2O4 nanoparticles. A comparison between low-temperature and room-temperature Mössbauer spectra demonstrated that the precursor is paramagnetic, whereas the heat-treated (500 °C) sample has a component that shows superparamagnet relaxation. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
76.80.+y Mössbauer effect; other γ-ray spectroscopy
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
72.30.+q High-frequency effects; plasma effects
72.20.Fr Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
72.80.Jc Other crystalline inorganic semiconductors

Structure and magnetic properties of rf thermally plasma synthesized Mn and Mn–Zn ferrite nanoparticles

S. Son, R. Swaminathan, and M. E. McHenry

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7495 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1557953 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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Plasma synthesis has previously been shown to be a viable route to producing nanocrystalline magnetite and Ni ferrite nanoparticles. In this work nanocrystalline powders of Mn and Mn–Zn ferrites have been synthesized using a 50 kW–3 MHz rf (radio frequency) induction plasma torch. We investigate these materials for soft magnetic applications. High-energy ball milled Mn + Fe powders and (Mn+Zn) +Fe powders (<10 μm) in the stoichiometric ratio of 1:2 were used as precursors for the ferrite synthesis. Compressed air was used in the oxygen source for oxidation of metal species in the plasma. X-ray diffraction patterns for the plasma-torched Mn ferrite and MnZn ferrite powders were indexed to the spinel ferrite crystal structure. An average grain size of ∼20 nm was determined from Scherrer analysis confirmed by transmission electron microscopy studies. The particles also exhibited faceted polygonal growth forms with the associated truncated cuboctahedral shapes. Room-temperature vibrating sample magnetometer measurements of the hysteretic response revealed saturation magnetization Ms and coercivity Hc of Mn ferrite are 23.65 emu/g and 20 Oe, respectively. The Néel temperatures of Mn ferrite powders before and after annealing (500 °C, 30 min) were determined to be 200 and 360 °C, respectively. Inductively coupled plasma chemical analysis and energy dispersive x-ray analysis data on the plasma-torched powders indicated deviations in the Mn or Zn contents than the ideal stoichiometry. MnZn ferrite was observed to have a Néel temperature increased by almost 400 °C as compared with as-synthesized Mn ferrite but with a larger coercivity of ∼35 Oe. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including classical and quantum magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)

Structural and magnetic properties of nanostructured Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 films fabricated by thermal spray

Shihui Ge, Xinqing Ma, Tony Zhang, Mingzhong Wu, Heng Zhang, Y. D. Zhang, J. Ings, and J. Yacaman

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7498 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1558189 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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Nanostructured Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 thick films were fabricated by a high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray approach with over 98% of the theoretical density and with no cracks, followed by heat treatment under an oxygen atmosphere. Crystallographic, microstructural, as well as static and dynamic magnetic properties of the films were studied by x-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer, and high-frequency impedance analyzer. By controlling the nature of the flame, the crystal structure of the ferrite can be retained during thermal spraying while the grain size as small as 10–20 nm can be attained. By controlling the spray conditions and postannealing, the real part of initial complex permeability μ′ reaches 120 while the image part μ″ remains small in the frequency range up to 13 MHz. In comparison with a conventional Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (μ′=800, cutoff frequency fc=1.5 MHz), a nanostructured sample possesses a much higher cutoff frequency, a merit for high-frequency application. It is determined that HVOF is a promising approach for the fabrication of nanostructured ferrite films. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Transmission electron microscopy estimation of Bi–YIG nanoparticle hybridized with plastic material

Tae-Youb Kim, Teruyoshi Hirano, Yohtaro Yamazaki, and Yeong-Dae Hong

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7501 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1540147 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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We have developed a magneto-optical Bi1.8Y1.2Fe5O12 nanoparticle hybrid material and milling system. The Bi1.8Y1.2Fe5O12 nanoparticles were prepared with a coprecipitation and annealing processes. The 100 h milling nanoparticle system has θF about 1×103 degrees/cm but it has very small Ms (∼2.5 emu/cm3). In this material system, the particle size and crystalline size of the nanoparticles were estimated with a transmission electron microscope and transmission electron diffraction methods. The crystal phase sizes of the Bi1.8Y1.2Fe5O12 nanoparticles are the same as the nanoparticle sizes. The high-powered transmission electron microscope images show moiré fringes of the nanoparticles. The 5–8 nm particles are primary nanoparticles. We show a possibility of the synthesis for the crystalline nanoparticles dispersed in hybrid materials by mechanical milling process. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
82.35.Np Nanoparticles in polymers
85.70.Ge Ferrite and garnet devices
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects
81.07.Pr Organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures

Neutron diffraction and Mössbauer studies of CoAlxFe2−xO4

Sam Jin Kim, Bo Ra Myoung, and Chul Sung Kim

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7504 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1557955 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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Al substituted CoAlxFe2−xO4 powders were fabricated using the sol-gel method, and their magnetic and structural properties were studied with thermal analysis, x-ray, neutron diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and magnetization measurements. The crystals of the samples x=0.1 and 0.2 were found to have a cubic spinel structure with lattice constants a0=8.3864 and 8.3784 Å, at room temperature, respectively. Neutron diffraction patterns on CoAl0.1Fe1.9O4 were obtained at various temperature ranges from 10 to 816 K. Neutron diffraction at 10 K revealed a cubic spinel structure of ferrimagnetic ordering, with the effective magnetic moments of Fe3+(A)(−4.18 μB), Fe3+(B)(4.81μB), and Co2+(B)(2.98μB), respectively. The temperature dependence of the magnetic hyperfine field in 57Fe nuclei at the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites was analyzed based on the Néel theory of magnetism. For the sample CoAl0.1Fe1.9O4, the intersublattice A–B interaction and intrasublattice A–A superexchange interaction were antiferromagnetic with strengths of JA–B=−23.3kB and JA–A=−18.0kB, respectively, while the intrasublattice B–B superexchange interaction was found to be ferromagnetic with a strength of JB–B=5.6kB. It is interpreted that the unusual reduction of magnetic moment in Fe3+(A) and a noticeable strength of the A–A interaction are closely related to the covalency effects. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.25.-j Spin arrangements in magnetically ordered materials (including neutron and spin-polarized electron studies, synchrotron-source x-ray scattering, etc.)
76.80.+y Mössbauer effect; other γ-ray spectroscopy
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds

Ex situ annealing method for c-axis oriented barium ferrite thick films

S. H. Gee, Y. K. Hong, D. W. Erickson, T. Tanaka, and M. H. Park

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7507 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1558190 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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A barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19, magnetoplumbite structure, BaM) multilayered film, with a total thickness of 0.63 μm, was deposited on a Si substrate by stacking several 0.09 μm layers using a rf sputtering technique. Each 0.09 μm layer was ex situ annealed at 800 °C for 10 min prior to deposition of the succeeding layer. A vibrating sample/torque magnetometer was employed to characterize the magnetic properties of both the BaM multilayered and a single layered film of the same thickness. The 0.63 μm thick BaM multilayered and single layered films show a squareness (SQ=Mr/Ms at 7 kOe) of 0.81 and 0.62, respectively. An anisotropy field (HA) was found to be 17 kOe for the BaM multilayered film and 14.5 kOe for the single layered film. A stacking of BaM layers, with ex situ annealing between each layer, improves the c-axis orientation and anisotropy field as compared to a single layered film with the same thickness. This is attributed to limiting the number of nucleation sites for randomly oriented BaM crystallites existing in films thicker than 0.1 μm. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
Show PACS
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy

Properties of epitaxial yttrium iron garnet films grown from BaO flux

M. Kučera, K. Nitsch, M. Maryško, and H. Štěpánková

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7510 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1555752 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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Yttrium iron garnet, Y3Fe5O12, films of excellent purity were grown onto Gd3Ga5O12 substrates by liquid phase epitaxy from a lead-free BaO–B2O3–BaF2 flux. The aim of using the BaO flux was to reduce the content of impurities and intrinsic defects in the garnet films and to obtain samples with minimum microwave losses. The films were characterized by the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ferromagnetic resonance, and parallel pumping method. The NMR spectra demonstrated a considerable reduction of impurity concentration compared to garnet films produced from a conventional PbO–B2O3 flux. Likewise, the NMR and spin wave linewidths of BaO-grown films were very narrow comparable with results obtained on the best (111) films and bulk samples. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
Show PACS
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)
76.50.+g Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic resonances; spin-wave resonance
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
76.60.-k Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation
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