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15 May 2003

Volume 93, Issue 10, pp. 5855-8792

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Residual stresses in punched laminations: Phenomenological analysis and influence on the magnetic behavior of electrical steels

Vincent Maurel, Florence Ossart, and René Billardon

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7106 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1557279 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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The magnetic properties of laminated electrical steels are degraded by punching because of plasticity localized along the cutting edge, but also because of residual stresses, which may spread over the whole lamination. In this article, long-range residual stresses are analyzed via a simplified mechanical analysis. Then, their effect on the global magnetic behavior of the lamination is calculated by a magnetoelastic coupled model. It is found that the relative influence of residual stress is as important as the one of plasticity alone. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction
75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity

Magnetic properties of Fe100−x−ySixPy (0⩽x⩽4, 0⩽y⩽0,6) soft magnetic composites prepared by diffusion sintering

Marc De Wulf, Ljubomir Anestiev, Luc Dupré, Ludo Froyen, and Jan Melkebeek

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7109 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1557280 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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In the presented work, iron-based soft magnetic composite materials are produced and studied. The proposed production method combines sintering and diffusion processes. The applications that are aimed at for these materials are electrical machines and other low-frequency electromechanical applications. The material characteristics are studied in the frequency range from dc to 100 Hz. The material specimens are shaped as rectangular rods and magnetic characterization is done on a miniature single sheet tester, which is calibrated with respect to the Epstein test. The experimental procedure for determining the magnetic properties is outlined. The production method was tested on Fe100−x−ySixPy (0⩽x⩽4, 0⩽y⩽0.6). Because of the poor plasticity, such compositions cannot be produced directly from powder. This article discusses the results of the diffusion sintering and the combined influence of Si and P on the magnetic properties of the obtained materials. It is found that an increase of the Si and P content improves both the dc and ac behavior of the materials. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
81.05.Bx Metals, semimetals, and alloys
81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties related to treatment conditions

Magnetic properties of high Si steel with variable ordering obtained through thermomechanical processing

D. Ruiz, T. Ros-Yañez, R. E. Vandenberghe, E. De Grave, M. De Wulf, and Y. Houbaert

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7112 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1558196 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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Alloys with a Si content of 4.2 and 5.4 wt % Si were produced to investigate the effect of increasing the Si on the materials processing and properties and to understand the effect of the order–disorder phenomenon on its magnetic properties. Different cooling rates after hot rolling were applied: Slow cooling from 780 °C to room temperature in 26 h, air cooling and water quench, followed by cold rolling until 0.5 to 0.7 mm thickness. Magnetic properties were measured after pickling and annealing at 950 °C for 2 h. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to study the effect of thermomechanical cycles on the ordering phenomena. It was noticed that the quenched samples have the highest values for the magnetic polarization, while slowly cooled samples have the lowest, for the power losses higher values are obtained for the quenched materials. The highest values for the polarization in the quenched samples were explained as a result of a higher B2 ordering. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties related to treatment conditions
81.40.Ef Cold working, work hardening; annealing, post-deformation annealing, quenching, tempering recovery, and crystallization
64.70.K- Solid-solid transitions
81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder
76.80.+y Mössbauer effect; other γ-ray spectroscopy

Setup to test biaxial stress effect on magnetomechanic coupling

Vincent Maurel, Florence Ossart, Yann Marco, and René Billardon

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7115 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1557307 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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Many authors provide a self-method to take into account a multiaxial stress state for magnetic coupling. By reviewing those criteria we try to point out the most general one. We also propose an original setup validated by FE calculation. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction
75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy

Fe–Co–V alloy with improved magnetic properties and high-temperature creep resistance

S. Liu, S. Bauser, Z. Turgut, J. Coate, and R. T. Fingers

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7118 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1555335 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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Advanced power systems require soft magnetic materials with a combination of high saturation magnetization and high creep resistance. When the Fe–Co–V alloy laminate is used in a rotor at high temperatures (500–600 °C) coupled with very high rpm, significant creep occurs, which destroys the device integrity. Since grain boundary slide is predominantly responsible for creep deformation in the Fe–Co–V alloy at temperature higher than ∼430 °C, the approach in this study was to reduce the volume fraction of the grain boundaries by making a Fe–Co–V alloy with very large grains. Very large grains, up to mm range, were readily obtained after small cold deformation of ∼3% followed by a normal recrystallization anneal. Fe–Co–V alloy with large grains displays lower coercivity and higher permeability than the commercial Fe–Co–V alloy. Even though its yield strength at 600 °C is lower than the commercial Fe–Co–V, the creep strains of the Fe–Co–V alloy with large grains are only 1/10–1/2 of that for the commercial alloy in the initial and middle periods of the creep test performed at 600 °C under 150 MPa. At the end of the test before the specimens were broken, the Fe–Co–V alloy with large grains showed an accelerated creep strain rate. Better balancing the high-temperature yield strength and creep resistance by creating the optimum grain size would further improve the high-temperature creep resistance of the Fe–Co–V alloy. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
81.30.Bx Phase diagrams of metals, alloys, and oxides
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
62.20.Hg Creep

Magnetic core loss of ultrahigh strength FeCo alloys

X. M. Cheng, X. K. Zhang, D. Z. Zhang, S. H. Lee, A. Duckham, T. P. Weihs, R. C. Cammarata, John Q. Xiao, and C. L. Chien

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7121 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1557308 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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Hiperco® 50 alloy heat treated between 450 and 650 °C exhibits superior mechanical properties. We report the measurements of the ac core loss at various frequencies up to 4500 Hz of the Hiperco® 50 alloy samples annealed at 450 and 650 °C. The 650 °C annealed specimens have lower ac core loss than that of the 450 °C annealed ones. The total core loss, consisting of contributions from hysteresis core loss and eddy-current core loss, depends on frequency f as af+bf2. The eddy-current loss of a single laminate is minor compared to the hysteresis loss. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
Show PACS
75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties related to treatment conditions

Theoretical and experimental analysis of magnetic inductive heating in ferrite materials

X. K. Zhang, Y. F. Li, John Q. Xiao, and E. D. Wetzel

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7124 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1557309 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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By incorporating magnetic particles into elevated temperature-curing adhesives, or hot-meltable thermoplastics, induction fields can be used to heat bondlines and join composite adherends. In this article we investigate the fundamental heating behaviors of such magnetic particles in order to aid in the design and selection of improved magnetic materials. Magnetic inductive heating tests were performed on two types of magnetic materials: Co2Ba2Fe12O22 semihard ferrites and NiFe2O4 soft ferrites. The Curie temperatures of these ferrites were also varied through Zn substitution. All of the samples clearly demonstrated Curie temperature-controlled final heating behavior. The magnitude of heat generation has been related to dc magnetic hysteresis measurements, with reasonable agreement. Deviations are theorized to be due to domain wall resonance effects. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including classical and quantum magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)
75.60.Ch Domain walls and domain structure

High-frequency transport properties of spin-spray plated Ni–Zn ferrite thin films

C. M. Fu, H. S. Hsu, Y. C. Chao, N. Matsushita, and M. Abe

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7127 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1558197 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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The frequency and temperature variation of magnetoimpedance in Ni–Zn ferrite thin films fabricated by spray plating method were studied. It is observed that the frequency induces a metal–insulator crossover behavior in impedance spectra. The frequency behavior of the electrical properties of the film can be modeled by an equivalent circuit composed of resistance and capacitance. The relaxation time and activation energy of the conductivity were calculated. The result suggests that the high-frequency conductivity of the spin-spray plating of a Ni–Zn ferrite film is predominantly associated with the dielectric, rather than by magnetization, dynamics. Mechanisms underlying high-frequency transport are discussed. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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73.50.Mx High-frequency effects; plasma effects
73.50.Jt Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects (including thermomagnetic effects)
75.47.Pq Other materials
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
81.15.Rs Spray coating techniques
71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions
72.60.+g Mixed conductivity and conductivity transitions
73.50.Gr Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, trapping, mean free paths

Conducted noise suppression effect up to 3 GHz by NiZn ferrite film plated at 90 °C directly onto printed circuit board

K. Kondo, T. Chiba, H. Ono, S. Yoshida, Y. Shimada, N. Matsushita, and M. Abe

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7130 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1555362 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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A NiZn ferrite film (3 μm thick) was deposited at 90 °C by the spin-spray ferrite plating from an aqueous solution onto a 50 Ω microstrip line formed on an epoxy printed circuit board (PCB). A strong magnetic loss was caused by the ferrite film in a GHz range, ΔPloss reaching 67% attenuation at 3 GHz, the upper limit of our measurement. Furthermore, the reflection loss was very weak, S11 being smaller than 7%. Thus plated NiZn ferrite films hold strong promise to be actually applied to a type of thin film electromagnetic noise suppressors; the films can be directly deposited onto noise sources (semiconductor elements or electronic circuits) to attenuate conducted-electromagnetic noises in the GHz range. Because the plated NiZn ferrite film was magnetically isotropic in film plane, the noise suppressors will be isotropic, attenuating noise electromagnetic waves radiated from any directions. The NiZn ferrite film was also plated on a flat glass substrate as a standard, which exhibited natural resonance frequency of fr=500 MHz and initial real permeability of μ′=50. Compared to these values, the film on the PCB had higher fr of 850 MHz, though reduced in μ′ to 40. But the spectrum of the imaginary permeability μ″ shifted to a higher frequency range. This facilitated the strong magnetic loss at the high frequencies. The higher fr for the film on the PCB may be attributed to the undulated columnar structure of the film which was observed by scanning electron microscopy. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
07.50.Hp Electrical noise and shielding equipment
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects

Spin-sprayed Ni–Zn–Co ferrite films with high μr″>100 in extremely wide frequency range 100 MHz–1 GHz

Nobuhiro Matsushita, Tatsuro Nakamura, and Masanori Abe

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7133 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1558198 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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Ni–Zn–Co ferrite films were deposited by the spin-spray ferrite plating from an aqueous solution. Film with optimized Zn and Co contents (i.e., Ni0.22Zn0.52Co0.03Fe2.23O4) exhibited the real permeability μr′ higher than 260 at frequencies up to 130 MHz, and the imaginary permeability μr″ higher than 100 in the extremely wide frequency range from 100 MHz to 1 GHz. Prepared at the very low temperature of 90 °C without postdeposition annealing, these films are promising to be actually applied to electromagnetic noise suppressors which directly cover the noise source elements on printed circuit boards. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
Show PACS
81.15.Rs Spray coating techniques
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
61.66.Dk Alloys
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)

Quasi-stable microwave envelope pulse propagation in wide ferrite films

C. E. Zaspel

J. Appl. Phys. 93, 7136 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1543892 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2003

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Magnetic microwave envelope pulses propagating in ferrite films can be modeled by a nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In a wide film, this process is modeled by a two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which exhibits instability and eventual collapse of an envelope pulse. However, it is also known that dissipation can stop the collapse, resulting in the formation of a quasi-stable spin-wave “bullet,” which eventually broadens and dissipates as it propagates down the film. In experiments, it has been shown that the bullet has an elliptical cross-section and it propagates for about 100 ns as a quasi-stable structure. Here, it is shown that the standard two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger model with dissipation will model these data. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
Show PACS
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
03.65.Ge Solutions of wave equations: bound states
41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation
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