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1 Dec 1980

Volume 51, Issue 12, pp. 6055-6444

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Release wave calibration of manganin gauges

D. Yaziv, Z. Rosenberg, and Y. Partom

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6055 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327635 (3 pages) | Cited 35 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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A calibration curve for the response of commercial Manganin gauges upon unloading in plane dynamic experiments is presented. The data obtained from 18 plane impact experiments cover shock stresses in the 1.5–15 GPa range and involves various materials. The calibration curve was drawn through normalized data points. The normalization is based on the assumption that the ratio between resistances of the gauge at the shock and unloading states depends on the ratio of the respective stresses.
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07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells
62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids

Analysis of the pressure, density, and velocity distributions in a spectroscopic heat‐pipe oven and the resulting limitations on device performance

Robert W. Boyd and Jack G. Dodd

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6058 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327636 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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The pressure, density, and velocity distributions within a cylindrical heat‐pipe oven are analyzed for inviscid, compressible flow in either the radial or axial direction. For sufficiently large but readily attainable heat flows, density variations within the heat pipe as large as 50% which can lead to inaccuracies in quantitative spectroscopic investigations are predicted.
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07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
37.20.+j Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques
51.10.+y Kinetic and transport theory of gases

Determination of fuel density‐radius product of inertial confinement fusion targets by neutron activation

E. M. Campbell, S. M. Lane, Y. L. Pan, J. T. Larsen, R. J. Wahl, and R. H. Price

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6062 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327637 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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The quality of the confinement and thermonuclear burn of inertial confinement fusion targets scales as the density‐radius product ρR of the fuel. Neutron activation of trace elements placed in the fuel can be used to directly measure ρR. This concept and several candidate tracers, 14N, 40Ar, and 79Br, are discussed.
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25.40.Fq Inelastic neutron scattering
42.62.-b Laser applications
82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms
52.70.-m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation

Use of a radioactive tracer to determine the fraction of fusion target debris collected

E. M. Campbell, H. G. Hicks, W. C. Mead, L. M. Coleman, C. W. Hatcher, J. H. Dellis, M. J. Boyle, J. T. Larsen, and S. M. Lane

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6065 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327638 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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In order to obtain the pusher attenuation length (ρΔR) of inertial confinement fusion targets by neutron activation, it is necessary to know what fraction of the target debris is counted. One method of measuring this quantity experimentally is by means of a radioactive tracer. We demonstrate the usefulness of this technique by experiments utilizing a 24Na tracer.
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25.40.Fq Inelastic neutron scattering
42.62.-b Laser applications
82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms
52.70.-m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation

Collective acceleration of electrons using an autoacceleration process

Thomas R. Lockner and Moshe Friedman

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6068 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327639 (7 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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A means of collectively accelerating an intense electron beam is demonstrated. A long pulse (800 ns) electron beam is propagated through cavity structures which redistributed the energy in the beam such that most of the beam energy is transferred to a short segment (6 ns) in the tail of the beam. Electrons are accelerated in a two cavity system from 200 keV to energies of 2.4–3.0 MeV at a beam current of ∼8 kA. The extension of this principle to larger number of cavities appears feasible.
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29.20.-c Accelerators
52.75.Di Ion and plasma propulsion

Polarization characteristics of dye‐laser amplifiers I. Unidirectional molecular distributions

Kendall C. Reyzer and Lee W. Casperson

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6075 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327640 (8 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Many practical laser amplifiers exhibit anisotropic gain due to polarization of the pumping fields or to a fixed preferential alignment of the active dipoles. Several specific causes and consequences of gain anisotropy are discussed in detail. In the analysis, the emphasis is placed on dye‐laser systems including arbitrary amplitudes, phases, and polarizations of the pump and signal fields. Analytical results are presented for a unidrectional molecular distribution, and it is found that the polarization states of the pump and signal fields change with distance in the amplifier.
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42.55.Mv Dye lasers
42.25.Ja Polarization

Polarization characteristics of dye‐laser amplifiers II. Isotropic molecular distributions

Kendall C. Reyzer and Lee W. Casperson

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6083 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327629 (8 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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In a previous study a general semiclassical formalism has been developed for lasers with arbitrary orientational distributions of the active molecules. Here that formalism is applied to the important case of an isotropic distribution of molecules, and this limit is especially relevant to liquid dye lasers. Extensive analytical and numerical results are presented for the polarization properties of such dye lasers. It is found that in general the polarization states of the pump and signal fields are coupled together and both change with distance in a laser amplifier.
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42.55.Mv Dye lasers
42.25.Ja Polarization

Pumping mechanism of mercury‐ion laser

H. Ninomiya, H. Osumi, and S. Horiguchi

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6091 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327630 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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In a pulsed discharge in a He‐Hg gas mixture favorable for laser oscillation of Hg ion at the green line, the temporal and spatial behavior of the population densities of Hg(63P2) and He(21S0) atoms has been studied experimentally. These reactants are thought to be responsible for the Penning‐like excitation process. It is found that the depression of the population of reactants coincides in space and time with the occurrence of the laser oscillation.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Calculated absorption, emission, and gain in In0.72Ga0.28As0.6P0.4

N. K. Dutta

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6095 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327631 (6 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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The absorption, emission, and gain spectra of In0.72Ga0.28As0.6P0.4 (λg =1.3 μm), which lattice matches InP, is calculated using a Gaussian fit to Halperin‐Lax band tails and Stern’s matrix element. The calculation is done both for p‐ and n‐type material at various impurity concentrations. The spectral width of emission increases both with increasing doping and impurity concentration. All results are for 297 K. The gain‐versus‐excitation rate is given by the equation g (cm−1)=0.057 (Jnom −2400), where Jnom is the nominal current density in the active layer expressed in A/cm2 μm. Also, the photon energy at maximum gain increases with increasing excitation rate.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra
78.40.Fy Semiconductors
75.20.Ck Nonmetals
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices

Large aperture stark modulated retroreflector at 10.8 μm

M. B. Klein and R. H. Sipman

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6101 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327632 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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We describe the analysis, design, and construction of a large aperture, wide‐field‐of‐view modulator at 10.8 μm using the Stark effect in ammonia (NH3). The modulator configuration incorporates a longitudinal electric field produced between closely spaced, large‐diameter germanium windows. The windows are antireflection coated for high transmission, and their relatively low resistivity allows their direct use as (transparent) Stark electrodes. Enhanced modulation depth and improved electrical breakdown performance are obtained by using multiple interaction regions. The modulator is mounted at the entrance aperture of a corner cube reflector, thus allowing two passes of the signal beam in a configuration which is retroreflecting and polarization insensitive. This completed device has an aperture of 5.5 cm, a field of view of 38°, and a measured modulation depth of 25% at 1.4 MHz.
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42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators

On the theory of the prism waveguide coupler in the strong coupling regime

Dror Sarid, Dorian Kermisch, and Joseph Revelli

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6105 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327633 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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It is shown that under practical assumptions both ray and wave theories of the prism waveguide coupler can be applied to the whole range of the coupling strength parameter 0⩽h⩽1, and yield identical results. A numerical example is given, which shows the range of validity of the weak coupling approximation.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering
42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction
42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers

Jet formation experiments and computations with a Lagrange code

M. van Thiel and JoAnne Levatin

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6107 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327634 (8 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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A jet formation routine has been generated that can be used with (Lagrange) explosive cone‐collapse calculations. It calculates the velocities of jet and slug elements, as well as their mass, formation point, and time. The equations and method of operation are presented here. Experimental jet velocities agree with the model to 10%. Jet deformation calculations required yield strengths up to 24 kbar to yield agreement with experiments on copper jets.
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83.10.Ff Continuum mechanics
47.10.-g General theory in fluid dynamics
47.27.wg Turbulent jets

The photoacoustic effect at first‐order phase transition

P. Korpiun and R. Tilgner

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6115 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327641 (5 pages) | Cited 37 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Thermal properties are essentially involved in the acoustic response of a liquid or solid sample to the absorption of chopped light. Recently, the first experimental observation of the photoacoustic effect at first‐order phase transitions has been published. In the present work we calculate the temperature variation in the gas at the surface of a sample and determine its amplitude and phase angle. Therefore we solve the differential equation of conduction of heat for a medium exhibiting a temperature gradient superposed by a temperature oscillation due to absorption of light with sinusoidal varying intensity. In the medium there exist two regions of different thermodynamic phases separated by an interface at transition temperature. The latent heat for phase transition is taken into account via a boundary condition for the heat flow at the interface. We have assumed the optical‐absorption coefficient to be much larger than the thermal‐diffusion coefficient realized in strongly absorbing materials. The application of our calculation to measured data is discussed with respect to the technique used to detect the acoustic signal. With the model, we present here, the experimental results can be described fairly well.
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51.40.+p Acoustical properties
51.70.+f Optical and dielectric properties
51.30.+i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state

Hard‐x‐ray spectrum from a single‐electron‐temperature laser plasma model

D.G. Colombant and W.M. Manheimer

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6120 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327642 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Comparisons between hard‐x‐ray experimental spectra and those obtained from a planar one‐dimensional one‐temperature fluid laser‐produced plasma model show good agreement over several orders of magnitude in x‐ray intensity and for Nd‐laser irradiances varying between 2×1014 and 8×1015 W/cm2. The key to this agreement is the careful modeling of electron‐energy flux limitation by return‐current‐driven ion‐acoustic turbulence. The hard‐x‐ray temperature agrees with a (Iλ2)1/3 scaling law.
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52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
52.35.Ra Plasma turbulence
52.50.Lp Plasma production and heating by shock waves and compression

Multichannel discharges in low‐pressure rare‐gas–mercury mixtures caused by anode oscillation

Yoshio Watanabe and Mikiya Yamane

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6124 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327643 (6 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Stable formation of a multichannel arc is observed in low‐pressure rare‐gas–mercury discharges in a concentric tube where a hot cathode is located in the inner tube and two to six anodes are arranged symmetrically in the space between the inner tube and the outer bulb. The discharge current for each discharge channel is found to be deeply modulated at high frequencies by the anode oscillations which take place in a regular, complex sequence depending on the anode configuration. In a discharge tube with two anodes, anode oscillation occurs alternately, causing discharge transfers between the anodes. With three anodes, the discharge transfers take place in a manner similar to a ring counter, as anode oscillations occur in turn in geometrical order. In the four and five anode configurations, oscillations occur sequentially in time, but not sequentially in the anode configuration. In the case of six anodes, stable formation of a multichannel arc is not observed.
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52.35.Fp Electrostatic waves and oscillations (e.g., ion-acoustic waves)
52.80.Mg Arcs; sparks; lightning; atmospheric electricity
52.90.+z Other topics in physics of plasmas and electric discharges (restricted to new topics in section 52)

Spherical shock development near laser‐heated microshell targets

Thomas A. Leonard and Peter Hammerling

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6130 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327644 (4 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Spherical expansion of the luminous front around a laser‐heated microshell target in 20 Torr of helium is compared with theory in the mass‐dependent region. Microshell targets from 74‐ to 7970‐ng initial mass irradiated with up to 0.13 TW (Terawatt) of 1.06‐μm light were studied. Effects of the initial mass and changing γ on the front history are discussed. It is concluded that extraction of expansion energy from the front motion is not easily accomplished in this close‐in region.
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52.35.Tc Shock waves and discontinuities
47.40.Ki Supersonic and hypersonic flows

Cutoff frequencies of intermediate frequency waves in a bounded magnetoplasma

J. Basu and S. K. Das

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6134 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327645 (7 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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The paper presents a study of the cutoff frequencies of a class of electromagnetic waves, designated here as intermediate frequency waves, which can propagate in a plasma column enclosed in a conducting cylinder and embedded in a static axial magnetic field. These waves reduce to lower hybrid waves or magnetohydrodynamic TE waves under suitable conditions. The cutoff frequencies of the intermediate frequency modes have been investigated, covering all possible values of ωpe,ωce, and a, where ωpe is the plasma frequency, ωce is the electron cyclotron frequency, and a is the plasma radius. The study includes all the possible types of modes, namely, circularly symmetric I0m modes and asymmetric Inm modes with n ? 1, each Inm mode being split into two, called I+nm and I−nm modes, corresponding to two different polarizations of the field components. The cutoff frequency ωc 0 of any Inm mode with n ? 0 is found to be confined to the frequency domain 0 to ωnm, where ωnm is the cutoff frequency of the TEnm mode in an empty waveguide. The zero frequency is approached if ωpe or a tends to infinity or ωce tends to zero, the other parameters remaining constant in each case. The frequency ωc 0 tends to ωnm if ωce is sufficiently large for any given set of ωpe and a. The study of intermediate frequency modes reveals that these modes can broadly be divided into the following two categories: (1) I−n1 modes with n ? 1, and (2) modes other than I−n1 modes. The nature of variation of ωco ith ωpe for fixed values of ωce and a for I−n1 modes is, in general, quite different from that for the other modes. Furthermore, ωc 0 tends to ωci as a tends to zero with ωpe and ωce held fixed in the case of I−n1 modes, while for other modes ωc 0 tends to ωlh under the same condition, where ωci is the ion cyclotron frequency and ωlh is the lower hybrid frequency. Any Inm mode with n ? 0 is found to reduce to the magnetohydrodynamic TEnm mode at or near the cutoff under the condition: ωpi≫ωnm, where ωpi is the ion plasma frequency. Finally, it is shown how the charge density in a bounded magnetoplasma can easily be determined in most experimental situations by using the cutoff frequency characteristic of the dominant I−11 mode.
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52.40.Db Electromagnetic (nonlaser) radiation interactions with plasma
52.40.Fd Plasma interactions with antennas; plasma-filled waveguides
52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein, upper hybrid, lower hybrid)
52.70.Gw Radio-frequency and microwave measurements

Low‐current electric discharges in H2‐He mixtures

C. H. Muller and A. V. Phelps

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6141 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327646 (8 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Tests are made of the ability of currently available theory to predict experimental ratios of the electric field to gas density E/N required for the steady‐state operation of low‐current, moderate‐pressure discharges in hydrogen‐helium mixtures. In the experiments the fractional concentration of H2 in He was varied from 1% to 4% and the discharge current, i.e., 40±10 μA, and total gas density, i.e., 1023–1025 atoms/m3, were chosen to avoid gas heating and striations. The experimental E/N values for the 4‐mm‐diam tube varied from 6×10−21 V m2 for 1% H2 in He at a gas density of 7×1024 m−3 to about 4×10−20 V m2 for 4% H2 in He at 1.5×1023 m−3. Theoretical steady‐state E/N values versus gas density were calculated using (a) solutions of the Boltzmann equation for He metastable excitation, He ionization, and H2 ionization rate coefficients; (b) published theoretical calculations of the effects of a finite Debye length and a finite ion mean free path on the electron loss rate; and (c) models for the ion‐molecule conversion and Penning ionization processes. The differences between theoretical and experimental values of E/N are less than 10% for total gas densities above 6×1023 m−3, but are 20–30% for a gas density of 1.6×1023 m−3. We conclude that except at low gas densities the simple theory gives a good description of low‐current discharges in this gas mixture.
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52.80.Hc Glow; corona
52.20.Fs Electron collisions
52.20.Hv Atomic, molecular, ion, and heavy-particle collisions

Polar and nonpolar contributions to liquid‐crystal orientations on substrates

Shohei Naemura

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6149 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327602 (11 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Both experimental and theoretical evidences are presented for polar and nonpolar contributions to liquid‐crystal orientations on surface‐treated substrates. Polar and nonpolar components of substrate surface energies are determined from contact angle measurements using polar liquids. Liquid‐crystal orientations are characterized using orientation angles and anchoring strength coefficients at substrate surfaces, both of which are measured by the magneto‐capacitance method. Numerical calculations give correlations between liquid‐crystal orientation and substrate surface energy components, which are in good agreement with experimental results. These calculated correlations involve the critical surface tension hypothesis as a limited case when polar interfacial interactions are negligible.
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61.30.-v Liquid crystals
68.08.-p Liquid-solid interfaces
68.43.-h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces

The mechanism of growth of quartz crystals into fused silica

V. J. Fratello, J. F. Hays, F. Spaepen, and D. Turnbull

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6160 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327647 (5 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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It is proposed that the growth of quartz crystals into fused silica is effected by a mechanism involving the breaking of an Si‐O bond and its association with an OH group, followed by cooperative motion of the nonbridging oxygen and the hydroxyl group which results in the crystallization of a row of several molecules along a crystalline‐amorphous interfacial ledge. This mechanism explains, at least qualitatively, all the results of our earlier experimental study of the dependence of quartz crystal growth upon applied pressure: large negative activation volume; single activation enthalpy below Si‐O bond energy; growth velocity constant in time, proportional to the hydroxyl and chlorine content, decreasing with increasing degree of reduction, and enhanced by nonhydrostatic stresses; lower preexponential for the synthetic than for the natural silica.
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81.10.Aj Theory and models of crystal growth; physics and chemistry of crystal growth, crystal morphology, and orientation
81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)
66.30.J- Diffusion of impurities
64.70.K- Solid-solid transitions

Field‐dependent grain‐boundary diffusion in polycrystalline material

H. Saha and K. Mukhopadhyaya

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6165 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327648 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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The generalized analysis of the grain‐boundary diffusion by surface accumulation method has been extended by incorporating the effects of an electric field along the grain boundary. General expressions for the average surface concentration have been derived and the effects of an electric field on its time dependence have been investigated in some detail.
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61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion; diffusion barriers
66.30.J- Diffusion of impurities

Study of buried silicon nitride layers synthesized by ion implantation

P. Bourguet, J. M. Dupart, E. Le Tiran, P. Auvray, A. Guivarc’h, M. Salvi, G. Pelous, and P. Henoc

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6169 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327649 (7 pages) | Cited 36 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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The formation of buried layers of silicon nitride by nitrogen‐ion implantation in single‐crystal silicon is studied. He+ backscattering, x‐ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and infrared absorption measurements were used for the physico‐chemical characterization; sheet resistivity determination, spreading‐resistance profile, and current‐voltage characteristics for the electrical characterization. It is shown that, for 180‐keV nitrogen ions, a fluence about 1018 N/cm2 must be implanted in order to obtain a continuous layer of silicon nitride and that annealing must be performed at 1200 °C to make it homogeneous and electrically insulating. The Si3N4 layer obtained crystallizes in the α phase and presents properties nearly similar to those of deposited layers. It is demonstrated that the conditions of implantation (energy, substrate temperature, beam intensity) play a fundamental role in the structure of the superficial silicon layer: the substrate must not be amorphized up to the surface during the implantation to obtain, after annealing, a monocrystalline surface layer suitable, for instance, for further epitaxy.
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61.72.U- Doping and impurity implantation
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects

An application of the Boltzmann transport equation to ion range and damage distributions in multilayered targets

L. A. Christel, J. F. Gibbons, and S. Mylroie

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6176 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327650 (7 pages) | Cited 66 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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A method for the direct calculation of primary ion and recoil range distributions, as well as energy deposition profiles in multilayered targets, is presented. The technique is based on stepwise numerical integration of the Boltzmann transport equation. Range distributions for arsenic, phosphorus, and boron and damage density distributions resulting from antimony and boron implants in silicon are found to compare favorably with other calculations and experimental results. Oxygen recoil fluxes from SiO2 into Si also agree well with experiment. Silicon and nitrogen recoil range distributions resulting from a 400‐keV selenium implantation through 1000 Å of Si3N4 on GaAs are calculated and are shown to have a significant effect on doping profiles determined from electrical measurements.
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61.72.U- Doping and impurity implantation
34.10.+x General theories and models of atomic and molecular collisions and interactions (including statistical theories, transition state, stochastic and trajectory models, etc.)

The ’’inhibition effect’’ of a trichloroethane oxidation to suppress the stacking‐fault nucleation in silicon

C. L. Claeys, G. J. Declerck, and R. J. Van Overstraeten

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6183 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327651 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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A high‐temperature treatment in a chlorine containing oxidizing ambient can be used to achieve a shrinkage or a complete annihilation of the oxidation‐induced stacking faults (OSF’s). This paper discusses in more detail the efficiency of a trichloroethane (C33) oxidation to inhibit the OSF nucleation during a prolonged oxidation or a reoxidation in dry and wet oxygen, respectively. Preferential‐etching studies demonstrate that one has to be very careful in interpreting the results available in the literature. Dependent on the parameters (temperature, time, and gas atmosphere) of both the first and the second oxidation, the OSF’s are annihilated either throughout the entire volume of the wafer or only in a near‐surface region. The influence of different oxidation cycles on the leakage current of p+n diodes is analyzed.
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61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects
81.65.-b Surface treatments
61.72.jd Vacancies
61.72.jj Interstitials
73.40.Lq Other semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions

Surface segregation of Ni‐Cu alloy in nitrogen and oxygen: An atom‐probe field‐ion microscope study

T. T. Tsong, Yee S. Ng, and S. B. McLane

J. Appl. Phys. 51, 6189 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.327652 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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The energy‐focused time‐of‐flight atom‐probe field‐ion microscope (FIM) is employed to study surface segregation of a Ni‐Cu alloy in nitrogen and oxygen. In nitrogen, in addition to the normal enrichment of Cu to the top surface layer as in the vacuum annealing case, highly Cu‐rich regions are formed near plane edges of the top surface layer. In oxygen, no Cu enrichment at the surface is found. Both the composition depth profiles and the spatial distributions of alloy species within an atomic layer can be obtained by the atom‐probe (FIM) with depth and spatial resolution of a few angstroms.
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61.72.sd Impurity concentration
61.72.sh Impurity distribution
61.72.sm Impurity gradients
68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies
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