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1 Jun 1979

Volume 50, Issue 6, pp. 3793-4482

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Theoretical study of magnetic pick‐up transducers for gravitational wave antennas

G. Papini, D. Strayer, E. Tward, and C. S. Lim

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3793 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326502 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Magnetic pick‐up transducers for high‐Q gravitational wave antennas are studied. The sensitivities of two recently proposed devices are evaluated from a general point of view. A general treatment of these systems as two coupled oscillators is used. The noise properties of these devices, taking into account the reaction of the electronics back on the antennas and the measuring times, are determined. A modification of the systems to operate as mechanical impedance transformers is also discussed. A comparison of two recently proposed magnetic transducer schemes with a mechanical impedance transformer scheme is made.
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04.80.-y Experimental studies of gravity
07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components

A distribution function for ion track lengths in rectangular volumes

John N. Bradford

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3799 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326503 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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A distribution function for the chord lengths through a rectangular body is developed. Since the trajectories of high‐energy massive particles are straight lines, the chord‐length distribution function describes the path‐length distribution on an object exposed to the cosmic‐ray flux. The formalism has application to the energy deposited in satellite‐borne microelectronic circuitry by cosmic rays.
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29.40.-n Radiation detectors
61.85.+p Channeling phenomena (blocking, energy loss, etc.)
87.53.Bn Dosimetry/exposure assessment
02.50.Cw Probability theory

Analysis of particle species evolution in neutral‐beam injection lines

J. Kim and H. H. Haselton

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3802 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326504 (6 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Analytic solutions to the rate equations describing the species evolution of a multispecies positive ion beam of hydrogen due to charge exchange and molecular dissociation are derived as a function of the background gas (H2) line density in the neutralizing gas cell and in the drift tube. Using the solutions, calculations are presented for the relative abundance of each species as a function of the gas‐cell thickness, the reionization loss in the drift tube, and the neutral‐beam power as a function of the beam energy and the species composition of the original ion beam.
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29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators
34.70.+e Charge transfer
41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams

Observation of infrared‐microwave double resonance for the far‐infrared laser pumping transition of CH3OH coincident with the 10.4 R (38) CO2 laser line

C. Young, R. M. Lees, J. Van der Linde, and B. A. Oliver

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3808 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326505 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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An infrared‐microwave double‐resonance experiment has been performed on the CH3OH infrared transition pumped by the 10.4 R (38) CO2 laser line. The effect of the laser pumping was investigated on the intensities of the JK=264←255A± ground‐state microwave absorption lines, which were monitored in a standard microwave Stark cell. The intensity of the A+ microwave probe transition increased by about 5% with laser pumping, while that of the A− transition did not change. This supports the reported assignment of the infrared CH3OH far‐infrared laser pumping transition as the QP4(26) A+ transition.
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33.40.+f Multiple resonances (including double and higher-order resonance processes, such as double nuclear magnetic resonance, electron double resonance, and microwave optical double resonance)
33.20.Ea Infrared spectra
32.30.Bv Radio-frequency, microwave, and infrared spectra

Studies in electromagnetic fields and phase constants of a concentric line having a helical inner conductor

Jiro Chiba, Risaburo Sato, and Tadamoto Nimura

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3811 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326506 (11 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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This paper describes a wire helix which has a coaxial shielding cylinder since in practice a wire helix is often used with a shielding cylinder. Analyses are done by wire theory. The electromagnetic field, phase constant, characteristic impedance, and attenuation constant of the shielded wire helix are necessary in the engineering field, and the first two of them are dealt with in this paper. As for the phase constant, we present the concrete results of calculations using the numerical solution by a computer.
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03.50.De Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell equations
41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation
02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis

An analysis of the wave impedance and the attenuation constants of a concentric line having a helical inner conductor

Jiro Chiba, Risaburo Sato, and Tadamoto Nimura

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3822 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326507 (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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In this paper we describe an analysis of the wave impedance and the attenuation constant of a shielded wire helix. Analyses are made by the wire theory. Helix analyses are chiefly done by the sheath theory and the tape theory, but these make models, that are infinitely thin ideal cylinders and infinitely thin tapes, so in the case where a helix wound with finite sectional area wires is used with shielding, conditions vary and it is insufficient for contributing to a design at the time when winding encounters difficulties: it is difficult to estimate the effect of the diameter of the wire on the attenuation constant α and wave impedance Z0. So the case in which the wire helix had a shielding cylinder was analyzed in this paper. The numerical results are also presented as graphs.
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03.50.De Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell equations
41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation
02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis

Planar one‐dimensional magnetically insulated electron flow for arbitrary canonical‐momentum distribution

C. W. Mendel

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3830 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326508 (8 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Equations are derived for finding the current and voltage profiles of electron flows from their momentum distributions. It is found that many of the features of the flow are independent or quasi‐independent of the distribution functions. For this reason, it is concluded that the potential difference across the flow can usually be found from the line‐current measurements.
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41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables
85.90.+h Other topics in electronic and magnetic devices and microelectronics (restricted to new topics in section 85)

Frequency stabilization of HF lasers by means of beat signals and anomalous dispersion

C. P. Wang and R. L. Varwig

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3838 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326509 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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A cw HF chemical laser was frequency stabilized by a scheme in which beat signals between adjacent longitudinal modes and the anomalous dispersion of the gain medium were used. The basic theory and the feedback loop are described. Using this scheme, a frequency stability of 350 kHz (3.5×10−9) was achieved.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings

Microfabrication and evaluation of diffractive optical filters prepared by reactive sputter etching

K. Knop, H. W. Lehmann, and R. Widmer

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3841 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326499 (8 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Single or linearly superimposed square‐wave surface‐relief patterns in a transparent plate yield optical transmission characteristics similar to those of interference filters. Reactive sputter etching of fused quartz in CHF3 using Shipley 1350 H photoresist as an etch mask offers a well‐controlled method to produce these complex structures. Gratings with periodicities of 1–2 μm and depths of up to 3 μm are fabricated with dimensional tolerances of ±0.02 μm using laser interferometric techniques. Superposition is obtained by successive masking and etching operations. The optical transmission characteristics of these diffractive filters are analyzed and compared with rigorous diffraction theory.
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42.79.Dj Gratings
81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)
81.65.-b Surface treatments
42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers

Metastable decay rates in a Cu‐metal‐vapor laser

J. L. Miller and T. Kan

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3849 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326500 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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The decay of the density of the metastable Cu (4s2 2D5/2) state following a discharge pulse in a copper‐metal‐vapor laser was measured with a 510.6‐nm cw dye‐laser probe. Investigation of the Cu and He density dependence of the decay time constant indicated that particle diffusion was the dominant loss mechanism.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
52.80.Hc Glow; corona

Refractive‐index profile and resonant modes in GaAs lasers

F. D. Nunes, N. B. Patel, J. G. Mendoza Alvarez, and J. E. Ripper

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3852 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326501 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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We examine the form of the refractive‐index profile that has to exist in the direction parallel to the junction in a semiconductor junction laser in order to explain the experimentally observed spectral separation between adjacent transverse modes parallel to the junction. We show that previously assumed profiles are unsatisfactory. We present a form of profile that results in predicting mode wavelength separation that is in agreement with experimental data.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers

Effect of gain saturation on injection laser switching

D. J. Channin

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3858 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326510 (3 pages) | Cited 42 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Gain saturation is introduced into the laser‐coupled rate equations. Numerical and analytical solutions show considerable damping of relaxation oscillations for small amounts of saturation.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation

Energy extraction from a large‐volume HF laser amplifier

J. M. Hoffman, E. L. Patterson, and R. A. Gerber

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3861 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326511 (6 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Energy extraction from a large‐volume HF laser amplifier has been measured as a function of input intensity. Both the oscillator and amplifier were operated with similar gas mixtures of H2 and F2, which assured a good spectral match between the oscillator and amplifier. The amplifier input intensity was varied from 104 to 2×107 W/cm2. An input intensity of 2×107 W/cm2 extracted an energy equal to about 90% of the energy extracted from the amplifier when it was operated as an oscillator. The experiment also demonstrated that an input intensity of 104 W/cm2 decreased the amplified spontaneous emission intensity by a factor of 2 from the value with no input. Increasing the input intensity level above 104 W/cm2 did not further reduce the amplified spontaneous emission.
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42.55.Ks Chemical lasers

Generation of 16‐μm radiation in 14NH3 by two‐quantum excitation of the 2ν−2(7,5) state

J. Eggleston, J. Dallarosa, W. K. Bischel, J. Boko, and F C. K. Rhodes

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3867 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326512 (4 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Stimulated emission at 15.82 and 15.91 μm has been obtained in 14NH3 following two‐photon excitation of the 2ν−2(7,5) state. Total output energies on the order of 3 mJ have been observed in a simple experimental arrangement. A discussion of the experimental findings concerning the laser output spectrum, the pressure dependence, the utilization of the optical Stark effect, and the influence of the spectral width and spatial profiles of the CO2 radiation providing the nonlinear excitation is given.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Spatial‐ and temporal‐intensity distribution of stimulated Raman emission

W. H. Lowdermilk and G. I. Kachen

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3871 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326513 (8 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Spatial‐ and temporal‐intensity distributions of stimulated Raman scattering are found to be severely modulated compared with the incident laser beam. Solutions of Maxwell’s equations show the modulation results from nonlinear amplification of small‐amplitude fluctuations in the collimated laser‐beam intensity. The modulation growth is limited by diffraction and laser saturation.
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42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS
42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation

Gain conditions for electron‐beam‐excited Ar‐N2 laser lines at 337.1, 357.7, and 380.5 nm

W. E. Ernst, F. K. Tittel, W. L. Wilson, and G. Marowsky

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3879 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326514 (5 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Simultaneous laser action of argon‐nitrogen mixtures excited by an electron beam has been observed at 337.1, 357.7, and 380.5 nm. Spectrally resolved gain and laser output were measured for these three lines. Different gas mixtures and resonator configurations were studied and the best conditions for each line were established.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Novel neutral atomic fluorine laser lines in a high‐pressure mixture of F2 and He

Shin Sumida, Minoru Obara, and Tomoo Fujioka

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3884 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326515 (4 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Many intense neutral atomic fluorine laser lines in the visible (λ=7037.5–7552.2 Å) have been obtained from a gas mixture of F2 and He at total pressures up to 3 atm, driven by a fast Blumlein discharge. At high pressures, three new laser lines have been found and were assigned to the quartet manifold: 7425.7 Å (3p4P01/2→3s4P3/2), 7482.7 Å (3p4P03/2→3s4P3/2), and 7515.0 Å (3p4P01/2→3s4P1/2). The number of lines observed and their relative intensities were found to depend strongly on the pressue of the F2/He gas mixture.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

The high‐pressure neutral infrared xenon laser

S. A. Lawton, J. B. Richards, L. A. Newman, L. Specht, and T. A. DeTemple

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3888 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326516 (11 pages) | Cited 49 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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The near infrared laser emission from Xe in Ar and He mixtures has been investigated experimentally in an ionizer‐sustainer mode, and theoretically. An efficiency of 1.3% has been achieved from Ar : Xe, 150 : 1, at 1900 Torr with aproximately 75% of the output contained in a single line at 1.73 μm. Based on a detailed kinetic study of the discharge, the laser behavior is attributed to a two‐stage excitation in which a large excited‐state population is created during the first portion of the discharge followed by excitation and ionization of these excited states and strong lasing during the remaining low‐field portion. The processes leading to the strong emission include electron‐impact excitation from low‐lying excited states, dissociative recombination pumping, and cascade pumping from higher‐lying levels, all of which means that the original excitation energy is being recirculated. The desired high Ar pressure is explained on the basis of providing an impedance match to the sustainer circuit and because the elastic (momentum) losses, at low fields, are nominal allowing a small excited‐state density to dominate the fractional‐loss spectra.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
42.55.-f Lasers
52.80.-s Electric discharges
52.65.-y Plasma simulation

Acousto‐optic properties of tellurium at 10.6 μm

S. Fukuda, T. Shiosaki, and A. Kawabata

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3899 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326517 (7 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Experimental results are described for the acousto‐optic properties of Te at the 10.6‐μm wavelength of CO2 laser light. It is found that Te possesses exceptionally large figures of merit. The largest value of M, 5850×10−18 sec3/g, is obtained for a longitudinal acoustic wave propagating in the x direction and incident light polarized along the z axis. Five of the eight independent photoelastic tensor components are calculated from the measured figures of merit and the effects of optical activity on these results are discussed. The practical applicability of Te as an acousto‐optic medium is evaluated.
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43.35.Sx Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography
78.20.hb Piezo-optical, elasto-optical, acousto-optical, and photoelastic effects
42.70.-a Optical materials
42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators

On the equivalence between Boussinesq and Timpe approaches to the torsion‐free axisymmetric problems of elasticity

T. Tran‐Cong and G. P. Steven

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3906 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326518 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Several different solutions have been presented for the Lamé equation of elastic equilibrium. This paper examines, via an intermediate solution, the equivalence between two classical forms of solution, namely, those of Boussinesq and Timpe. By the use of this equivalence it is possible to transform the displacement fields arising from each solution from one to the other.
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46.25.-y Static elasticity
46.25.Cc Theoretical studies

Superthermal x‐ray emission from CO2‐laser‐produced plasmas

G. D. Enright, M. C. Richardson, and N. H. Burnett

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3909 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326519 (6 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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The high‐energy continuum x‐ray emission from plasma created by intense (1014 W cm−2) nanosecond 10‐μm laser pulses has been characterized. The temperature of the superthermal electron component deduced from this emission was found to be strongly dependent on focus position, while displaying a weaker dependence on irradiation angle, beam polarization, and target composition. The variation of the hot‐electron temperature as a function of Iλ2 has been examined in detail in a range of Iλ2 from 1015 to 2×1016 W μm2 cm−2 for various target materials and has been found to be in qualitative agreement with the predictions of current theories of hot‐electron production based on resonance absorption.
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52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
52.70.-m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation

Thermal wave propagation and shock formation in ultrashort optical breakdown

J. C. Griesemann and M. Decroisette

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3915 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326520 (6 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Space‐time evolution of a spark produced by ultrashort (25 psec) optical gas breakdown is reported. Experimental evidence is given for the consecutive occurrences of an electron thermal wave and an hydrodynamical shock as leading mechanisms for the plasma expansion. A theoretical model involving ionization of the medium is developed for the first process; it appears that the time dependence of the ionization has to be taken into account for a correct description of the early states of the plasma.
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52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
52.35.Tc Shock waves and discontinuities
52.50.Lp Plasma production and heating by shock waves and compression

Energy absorption in plasmas produced by intense 10‐μm laser radiation

D. M. Villeneuv, F G. D. Enright, M. C. Richardson, and N. R. Isenor

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3921 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326521 (7 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Results are presented of measurements made of the fractional absorption of short (∼1 ns) intense (2×1014 W cm−2) 10.6‐μm laser radiation by plasmas produced from massive plane targets. Two complementary techniques were used: infrared light accounting and plasma calorimetry. The methods are shown to provide consistent results, demonstrating peak absorptions of up to 50%. The beam‐polarization and irradiance‐angle dependence of the absorption is consistent with a resonance absorption model. Plasma calorimetry also yields a detailed spatial distribution of the particle emission, while infrared calorimetry shows that the scattered laser light distribution is strongly dependent on the polarization of the incident laser beam.
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52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
52.40.Db Electromagnetic (nonlaser) radiation interactions with plasma
52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)

Long self‐magnetically insulated power transport experiments

J. P. VanDevender

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3928 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326522 (7 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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Energy and power transport in a self‐magnetically insulated triplate transmission line are examined. The experiments are done on the MITE accelerator (2 MV, 0.4 MA, 40 ns), which is one module of the electron beam fusion accelerator, EBFA I. The transport efficiency is very sensitive to the injection geometry. An abrupt transition at the beginning of the line causes ∼40% power losses through an apparent instability. The growth length of the instability is ∼53 cm in a line with a vacuum wave impedance Z0=7.6 Ω. A second loss mechanism is associated with an azimuthal asymmetry in the self‐magnetic field near the injection region. Both loss mechanisms were avoided by properly shaping the input to the transmission line and 90% energy transport and ∼100% power transport were achieved.
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52.75.Di Ion and plasma propulsion
52.80.Vp Discharge in vacuum
29.20.-c Accelerators

Hydrogen‐isotope separation in dc‐arc plasma

Vladimir Vukanović and Edward L. Coyle

J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3935 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.326417 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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In an arc plasma (230 A) burning in an atmosphere of air and argon a vapor‐probe mixture of D2O and H2O was introduced. Samples were taken with a Calprobe water‐cooled probe from the plasma gas at the same axial position in the arc column, but at different radial distances. The results of mass‐spectrometric analyses are presented in two groups: for the samples taken from arc regions having temperatures above 5900 K and for those taken below 3800 K. An isotope separation factor is found between these regions of higher and lower temperature: (D : H) (high temp.)  :  (D : H) (low temp.) =1.67±12%.
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52.80.Mg Arcs; sparks; lightning; atmospheric electricity
31.30.Gs Hyperfine interactions and isotope effects
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