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1 Jan 1976

Volume 47, Issue 1, pp. 1-390

Page 1 of 3 Pages Next Page | Jump to Page

Internal bias effects on pyroelectric measurements near the Curie temperature in triglycine sulphate

A. Shaulov and M. Simhony

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 1 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322344 (5 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Simultaneous measurements of the pyroelectric (PE) coefficient λ and permittivity ϵ from the PE voltage responses to step ir radiation signals in triglycine sulphate (TGS) are reported as functions of temperature in both the ferroelectric and paraelectric phases. It is shown that the observed lowering and widening of the peaks of λ and ϵ, the appearance of a PE effect in the parelectric phase, and the shift of the ϵ peak to temperatures above Tc can be explained by the existence of an internal bias field Eb. The values of Eb calculated to fit the experimental results vary in different TGS samples from 30 to 150 V/cm.
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77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)

Phase identification in titanium‐rich Ti‐Fe system by Mössbauer spectroscopy

M. M. Stupel, M. Ron, and B. Z. Weiss

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 6 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322297 (7 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Various phases of the titantium rich part of the Ti‐Fe binary system were obtained by thermal treatments and were identified by Mössbauer spectroscopy and x‐ray diffraction. Room‐temperature Mössbauer parameters were derived for the following phases: αm, α, ϑ, ω, β, and TiFe. The range of concentrations for which an athermal ω phase appears upon quenching was found to be 2.7⩽CFe⩽5 wt%. The athermal ω phase disappears during aging at 285 °C for 15 h, when the alloy contains CFe⩽4.0 wt%. Martensite αm was found to form when Fe concentrations were ⩽2.7 wt.%. After quenching from the β field, the β phase retains when the Fe content of the alloy is ⩾2.7 wt.%. The ϑ phase forms during aging at temperatures above 280 °C, for alloys with a Fe content ⩽2.7 wt.%. Room‐temperature Mössbauer parameters are given to enable phases to be indentified and analyzed by means of Mössbauer spectroscopy.
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81.30.Bx Phase diagrams of metals, alloys, and oxides
64.70.K- Solid-solid transitions
76.80.+y Mössbauer effect; other γ-ray spectroscopy

Energy reflected from solid targets bombarded with keV protons and helium ions

H. H. Andersen, T. Lenskjaer, G. Sidenius, and H. Sørensen

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 13 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322360 (4 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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The energy‐reflection coefficient γ has been measured for keV protons impinging on Cu, Au, and Pb and helium impinging on Si, Ag, Ta, and Pb. The results are obtained by entirely independent techniques in three different laboratories. They agree within the stated accuracies of 10%. For a given projectile, γ is found to depend on the target material through the Thomas‐Fermi reduced energy ϵ only. Hence, extrapolation to other target materials may easily be performed. The results are in good agreement with those obtained from recent computer simulations.
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79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam impact and interactions with surfaces

Thermal properties of Nb from acoustic and electrical resistivity measurements in the temperature range 60–340 K

Gaetano Cannelli and Giovanni Bosco Cannelli

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 17 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322341 (5 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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The thermal diffusivity and the relative difference in molar heat capacities, (Cp−Cv)/Cv, of polycrystalline niobium have been derived from acoustic measurements in the temperature range 60–340 K. The electrical resistivity has also been measured from 8 to 340 K; 0.833 μΩ cm, 18.7, and 9.25 K being the values of residual resistivity ρ0, resistance ratio ρ (300 K)/ρ0, and superconducting transition temperature, respectively. The thermal conductivity, Lorenz ratio, and molar heat capacity at constant volume have been calculated for the temperature range 60–340 K, using present values of thermal diffusivity, electrical resistivity, and literature values of specific heat Cp. A shallow maximum in the derived thermal conductivity curve is observed around 180 K where the Lorenz ratio assumes the maximum value 3.15×10−8 W Ω K−2. It is suggested that the thermal conductivity maximum may originate in the phonon contribution.
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72.15.Eb Electrical and thermal conduction in crystalline metals and alloys
65.40.Ba Heat capacity
74.10.+v Occurrence, potential candidates

Unconventional behavior of edge dislocations in a plane shock‐stress field

Ching H. Ma

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 22 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322352 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Because of the existence of the factors causing shock‐associated damping effect on edge dislocations, an edge dislocation in a plane shock‐stress field may slip under special circumstances in a direction without an apparent shear component of the shock‐stress wave. In this paper the mechanism and the factors involved in this unconventional behavior of edge dislocations will be evaluated.
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62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids
61.72.Lk Linear defects: dislocations, disclinations

Elastic interactions between ’’voids’’ induced by solute segregation

F. V. Nolfi

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 24 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322308 (13 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Expressions are derived for the elastic interaction energy between void‐solute shell composites. These composites consist of spherical void cores surrounded by spherically symmetric solute shells containing a uniform concentration of irradiation segregated solute. The solutes are assumed ’’misfitting’’ and as such represent sources of internal stress. The elastic interaction energy between composites arises because of the so‐called inhomogeneity interaction and has minimum values at certain composite separations and solute shell thickness. The existence of these minima obtains largely because the misfit of the composites increases as the composite separation R increases. For a constant misfit, the interaction energy would decrease monotonically approximately as R−6. The surface stress of voids is taken to be zero in the calculations so that the only source of interaction between composites is the stress induced by solute segregation. The calculations are performed for both two‐composite and N‐composite interactions, and we show that, primarily, only nearest‐neighbor interactions are significant. The calculations are compared with experimental investigations of void ordering in an Ni ion‐irradiated Nb‐1Zr alloy containing 0.0038 atom fraction of oxygen as an impurity. Given experimentally determined void sizes and auxiliary data, the correct void lattice parameter is predicted when the solute shell thickness is ∼30% of the composite radius. In pure Nb, it is found the O, C, or N impurities are necessary for void ordering, which supports the main thesis of the present paper, viz., solutes/impurities are a primary cause of void ordering.
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61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
61.80.Lj Atom and molecule irradiation effects
61.80.Hg Neutron radiation effects
64.75.-g Phase equilibria

Study of atomic disorder produced by fast neutrons in silicon using infrared spectroscopy

M. E. Rolle and J. C. Corelli

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 37 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322334 (6 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A study has been made of the absorption bands of silicon, irradiated with high doses of fast neutrons (E≳1 MeV), by infrared spectroscopy in the region between 200 and 4000 cm−1 (50–2.5 μ). The relationship between several effects [band tailing (0.2–0.5. eV), divacancy‐associated band (3.45 μm), higher‐order bands (700–1400 cm−1), and single‐phonon bands (observed at 488, 410, and 332 cm−1)] and different irradiation doses up to 1019 fast neutrons/cm2 has been investigated. From the results of the absorption due to band tailing it can be assumed that the crystal is not amorphous. However, the observed vanishing of the higher‐order bands at the highest doses indicates an important change in the damaged lattice. The annealing behavior up to 600 °C, at the measuring temperatures of 78 and 300 °K, showed a slower annealing out of the single‐phonon bands for the high dose. From the stressing experiments, performed for single‐phonon bands, a constant dichroic ratio of 1.12 was measured. From this an estimation of the radiation‐induced strain within the lattice was made and found to be ?2×10−2. A new electronic band was found after a long‐term annealing at the wave number 312 cm−1.
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61.80.Hg Neutron radiation effects
64.60.Cn Order-disorder transformations
78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra
78.40.Fy Semiconductors

Surface acoustic waves in strained media

A. L. Nalamwar and M. Epstein

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 43 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322293 (6 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Variations of elastic constants and density with strain and the introduction of stresses can significantly affect the propagation velocity of surface acoustic waves. Digital computation using iterative methods is employed to obtain the variations of propagation velocity with strain. It is found that while the individual contributions of the initial stresses, changes in elastic constants, and changes in density with strain can be considerable, their combined effect in some materials may be reduced by mutual cancellation. Computed results for YX quartz YZ LiNbO3 are compared with experimentally measured values.
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68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
43.35.-c Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound
46.80.+j Measurement methods and techniques in continuum mechanics of solids

Diffusion of mercury in Ag3Sn

T. Okabe, A. L. Hines, and R. F. Hochman

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 49 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322294 (4 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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The residual‐activity method was employed to evaluate the volume and grain‐boundary diffusion coefficients of mercury in the Ag3Sn alloy at temperatures ranging from 50 to 245 °C. The volume diffusion coefficient obeys the relationship Dv∗=1.87×10−5 exp(−8.25×103/RT) cm2/sec. The grain‐boundary diffusion coefficient evaluated from Suzuoka’s exact solution varied from 10−3 cm2/sec at 50 °C to 10−1 cm2/sec at 245 °C. The large grain‐boundary‐diffusion coefficient was attributed to the increased grain‐boundary width of the alloy caused by the corrosive nature of the mercury.
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66.30.J- Diffusion of impurities
82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms

Quasistatic deformation of porous beryllium and aluminum

R. N. Schock, A. E. Abey, and A. Duba

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 53 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322295 (11 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Loading and unloading of two types of porous beryllium and a porous aluminum under conditions of uniaxial strain, proportional loading, and hydrostatic pressure indicate that yielding is dominated by porosity. Analysis of the data prior to yielding indicates that aspherical pores cause increased compressibility on initial loading. All materials exhibit enhanced compaction when loaded under nonhydrostatic stress conditions. Models which treat the collapse of spherical pores do not agree with the beryllium data, probably because of the influence of aspherical pores and pore‐size distribution.
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81.70.-q Methods of materials testing and analysis
46.32.+x Static buckling and instability
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
FREE

Theory of the photoacoustic effect with solids

Allan Rosencwaig and Allen Gersho

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 64 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322296 (6 pages) | Cited 987 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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When chopped light impinges on a solid in an enclosed cell, an acoustic signal is produced within the cell. This effect is the basis of a new spectroscopic technique for the study of solid and semisolid matter. A quantitative derivation is presented for the acoustic signal in a photoacoustic cell in terms of the optical, thermal, and geometric parameters of the system. The theory predicts the dependence of the signal on the absorption coefficient of the solid, thereby giving a theoretical foundation for the technique of photoacoustic spectroscopy. In particular, the theory accounts for the experimental observation that with this technique optical absorption spectra can be obtained for materials that are optically opaque.
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78.20.hb Piezo-optical, elasto-optical, acousto-optical, and photoelastic effects
43.35.-c Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound
07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers

A high‐yield ion source for producing beams of H+, H+3, He+, Ne+, Ar+, Li+, K+, Na+, and Cd+

G. Newton and P. J. Unsworth

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 70 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322298 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A high‐yield radio‐frequency ion source is described in which the ionization efficiency has been considerably enhanced by arranging for the radio‐frequency oscillator to excite the lowest‐order (m=0) helicon wave in the plasma. It has been used to produce intense beams of H+, H+3, He+, Ne+, Ar+, Li+, K+, Na+, and Cd+. A proton beam of up to 10 mA H+ is attainable, with a proton fraction in excess of 96%, using only 300 W of excitation power.
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29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
34.50.Fa Electronic excitation and ionization of atoms (including beam-foil excitation and ionization)
34.80.Dp Atomic excitation and ionization

Transition radiation by a charged particle moving across a plasma sheet

S. R. Sharma and K. C. Swami

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 74 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322299 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Expressions are derived for the transition radiation fields due to a charged particle passing across a dielectric layer surrounded by media of different dielectric constants. Transition radiation for a cold plasma sheet is discussed in detail and radiation patterns on both sides of the sheet are presented for different values of the particle velocity and the thickness of plasma sheet. The radiation patterns are found to depend sensitively on these parameters.
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52.40.-w Plasma interactions (nonlaser)
03.50.-z Classical field theories

Estimation of mechanical transients in ’’tuned‐circuit’’ levitators by employing steady‐state impedances

B. Z. Kaplan

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 78 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322300 (7 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Investigations of a relatively new magnetic levitation device are described. This device uses an electromagnet, which is the inductive part of a resonant circuit. If the circuit is properly tuned, static stability is attainable. ’’Tuned‐circuit’’ levitators are characterized by typical transients of the suspended object which are difficult to analyze. The work described here is a contribution towards simplifying the calculations of such transients. The analysis presented in the paper relies on calculating the impedance of the tuned circuit for each position of the suspended object. Though the impedance obtained in this way is merely the ’’steady‐state’’ impedance of the circuit, it enables one to predict some of the parameters characterizing the mechanical transients of the suspended object. The frequency of mechanical oscillations is the main parameter to be predicted in this way. Investigations were conducted where the predicted mechanical frequency of oscillations was compared with that obtained experimentally. The results of the experiments were usually close to those expected by theory.
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89.40.-a Transportation
85.70.-w Magnetic devices
07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components

Production of intense proton fluxes in a magnetically insulated diode

P. Dreike, C. Eichenberger, S. Humphries, and R. Sudan

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 85 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322301 (3 pages) | Cited 74 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A magnetically insulated diode has been used to produce intense fluxes of protons with high efficiency. Currents in excess of 4 kA with current density greater than 50 A/cm2 have been produced in a 50‐nsec bursts at energies up to 200 keV. The system appears to be easily scalable to higher parameters. The extraction of the beams, as well as geometries in which current densities of kA/cm2 may be realized, are discussed.
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29.25.-t Particle sources and targets
29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators
29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams
84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables

Nonlinear modulation of TM waves in a circular waveguide

Omar R. Asfar and Ali H. Nayfeh

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 88 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322302 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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The method of multiple scales is used to derive a nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the temporal and spatial amplitude and phase modulations of TM waves in a perfectly conducting guide containing a nonlinear isotropic medium. This equation is used to show that monochromatic waves are stable if the mechanism producing the nonlinearity is an electric or magnetic polarization and unstable if the nonlinearity is due to electrostriction or magnetostriction. It is also used to determine the amplitude dependence of the cutoff frequencies.
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84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines

Radiation pressure of light in a refractive medium

Richard A. Weiss

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 92 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322303 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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The radiation pressure and energy density of light in a refractive medium is calculated in terms of the index of refraction of the medium. The factor equal to the cube of the index of refraction that occurs in the expressions for the energy density and pressure of light in a refractive medium is shown to arise from the basic thermodynamic nature of the photon system and from the volume dependence of the index of refraction. It is shown that a mechanical pressure exists in a refractive medium which is in equilibrium with the blackbody radiation of the vacuum.
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42.25.Lc Birefringence
42.68.Ay Propagation, transmission, attenuation, and radiative transfer
42.68.Bz Atmospheric turbulence effects

A major advance in high‐power electron‐beam welding in air

J. F. Lowry, J. H. Fink, and B. W. Schumacher

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 95 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322304 (12 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A major extension of the capabilities of nonvacuum electron‐beam welding follows from the development of a machine with higher beam power. Tests with a new atmospheric electron gun operating at 60 kW have shown that the advantages of nonvacuum electron‐beam welding must be reevaluated. Gas heating produced by the beam itself becomes very pronounced, so that electron scattering is reduced causing the high‐power density of the beam to be retained over larger working distances. Single‐pass butt welds with a depth‐to‐width ratio of 4 : 1 can be made in 3.8‐cm‐thick steel at a speed of 0.77 cm/sec, while the ultimate welding depth exceeds 5 cm. Medium thick material, e.g., 1.3‐cm steel, can be welded at a 5‐cm work distance, with a depth‐to‐width ratio of 3 : 1. The large work distance permits access to more complex structures and interior corners such at T sections, which can now be fabricated from a plate, 1.3 cm thick, at a speed of 2–3 cm/sec, making a full through weld from one side. Also, seam welds of two 3‐mm‐thick hot‐rolled steel sheets can be produced at speeds of up to 15 cm/sec. High‐power machines need not be significantly larger or costlier than low‐power guns, and the present 60 kW does not represent any technical limit. Welding efficiency improves with higher power; when welding steel of 2 cm thickness or more the energy efficiency of the process at 60 kW is better than 50%, while at 40 kW it is merely 30%. In addition, the high power permits greater welding speed. These developments translate directly into improved cost justification for electron‐beam welding and a broad expansion of its possible applications.
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81.20.Hy Forming; molding, extrusion, etc.
81.20.Vj Joining; welding
06.60.Vz Workshop procedures (welding, machining, lubrication, bearings, etc.)
79.20.Kz Other electron-impact emission phenomena
89.20.Bb Industrial and technological research and development

Correlation between nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory and V‐I curves of a thermionic converter

L. B. Robinson and K. Shimada

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 107 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322356 (7 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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The methods of irreversible thermodynamics have been used as a basis for developing a transport theory applicable to thermionic cesium diodes. This theory was applied in describing certain aspects of experimental voltage‐current (V‐I) characteristic curves of a thermionic diode. Emphasis, in obtaining the description, is placed on the open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current of the V‐I curves, obtained at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Experimental results show that the open‐circuit voltage is essentially independent of the interelectrode spacing, whereas the short‐circuit current varies inversely with the interelectrode separation. The inverse dependence is in agreement with the results of this present analysis and also with results expected from diffusion theory, which has been used in other analyses. In fact, the theory used in this present investigation reduces to diffusion theory under special assumptions. Deviations from diffusion theory, which were found in experimental results, can be accounted for using the theory developed in this paper.
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05.70.Ln Nonequilibrium and irreversible thermodynamics
05.60.-k Transport processes
52.75.Fk Magnetohydrodynamic generators and thermionic convertors; plasma diodes
51.50.+v Electrical properties (ionization, breakdown, electron and ion mobility, etc.)

Theory and analyses of the ac characteristics of defect thin‐film insulators

G. S. Nadkarni and J. G. Simmons

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 114 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322357 (6 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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In the past, ac properties obtained from thin‐film metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) samples have often been analyzed qualitatively in terms of the Debye relaxation process. Here we point out several anomalies and discrepancies associated with these analyses. We then go on to develop the theory of ac electrical properties in MIM systems in which Schottky barriers are assumed to exist at the metal‐insulator interface. The resulting capacitance and conductance vs frequency, temperature, and voltage bias are shown to exhibit all the salient features of the observed data, suggesting that such a model is more applicable than the Debye model, at least in the case of the materials reviewed.
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73.40.Rw Metal-insulator-metal structures
73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions
73.61.Ng Insulators

Structure and properties of bubble domains in cholesteric‐nematic mixtures

V. G. Bhide, S. Chandra, S. C. Jain, and R. K. Medhekar

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 120 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322305 (7 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Textural laser diffraction and light‐scattering studies on homeotropically aligned nematic material (MBBA) doped with cholesteryl nonanoate (CN) has been carried out with and without an applied ac (50 Hz) electric field. In the narrow range of the ratio of the pitch p to the thickness l of the cell, 1.2<p/l<2, one observes uniformly densely packed bubble domains which grow in size on application of an electric field. In the range p/l≳2, the bubble domains become visible only at certain applied electric fields which increase with a decrease in the CN concentration. These bubble domains constitute a cholesteric phase with the spiral axis perpendicular to the substrate in a matrix of homeotropically aligned nematic material. The increase in the bubble domain size on application of electric field constitutes a nematic → cholesteric transformation. Light‐scattering experiments indicate an optimum doping in relation to the threshold potential, contrast ratio, etc.
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61.30.-v Liquid crystals
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects

Energy deposition of superpinched relativistic electron beams in aluminum targets

F. C. Perry and M. M. Widner

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 127 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322358 (8 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Dynamic response data, which traditionally have been used to obtain equation‐of‐state (EOS) information of materials, were instead used here to study energy deposition of an intense (∼1011 W/cm2) tightly focused relativistic electron beam (REB). Measurements of the REB‐induced shock‐wave transit time and average rear‐surface velocity were compared with two‐dimensional hydrodynamic calculations which contain well‐known EOS information for 6061‐T6 aluminum. The experimental results were consistent with classical electron deposition, i.e., a one‐dimensional Monte Carlo transport calculation. In addition, peak pressures in the range 1–2 Mbar (0.1–0.2 TPa) were implied. Two anomalous effects were observed: (i) a low‐amplitude (free‐surface velocity ∼104 cm/sec) precursor signal, preceding the REB‐induced shock wave and (ii) a velocity distribution of material behind the rear surface of the target following the arrival of the REB‐induced shock wave.
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28.52.-s Fusion reactors
62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids
79.20.Kz Other electron-impact emission phenomena

Pressure dependence of helium and neon solubility in vitreous silica

J. E. Shelby

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 135 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322359 (5 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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The pressure dependence of helium (at 25 °C) and neon (at 150 °C) solubility in vitreous silica has been measured at pressures up to 1400 atm. Results appear to be readily explained by a simple statistical thermodynamical model based on the Langmuir adsorption model. Values for the accessible free volume of the glass network equal to 2.3×1021 atoms/cm3 for helium and 1.3×1021 atoms/cm3 for neon were obtained from these results.
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52.25.Fi Transport properties
66.30.J- Diffusion of impurities
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces

Switching in polystyrene films: Transition from on to off state

Y. Segui, Bui Ai, and H. Carchano

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 140 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322361 (4 pages) | Cited 36 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Experiments on polystyrene films formed by a glow‐discharge technique shows a reproducible bistable switching. Various interpretations are briefly reviewed. It is shown that the resistance of the on state is strictly related to the energy needed by the on‐off transition. From the value of this energy it is concluded that the most probable explanation is that the on current takes place along a filamentary path constituted by carbon atoms. A quantitative analysis is made on the basis of the heat balance equation. Formation of carbonated chains is confirmed by a chromatography analysis in vapor phase which shows an hydrogen release.
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73.61.Ng Insulators
72.60.+g Mixed conductivity and conductivity transitions
52.25.Fi Transport properties

Double mass transfer during polymer‐polymer contacts

W. R. Salaneck, A. Paton, and D. T. Clark

J. Appl. Phys. 47, 144 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.322306 (4 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Double mass transfer has been observed spectroscopically and nondestructively for the first time using the x‐ray photoemission technique to examine both halves of polymer films touched to other polymer films. A careful selection of polymers according to their peculiar x‐ray photoemission spectra enabled the unambiguous identification of polymer fragments on the respective surfaces. The use of the nondestructive XPS or ESCA technique makes possible the observations involving both halves of the contacting pair, and especially the detection of fragments of one polymer on the surface of another. The amount of material transferred is much larger than that necessary to explain triboelectric charging phenomena in terms of mass transfer on a basis of one electronic charge per atom.
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62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
73.90.+f Other topics in electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and low-dimensional structures (Restricted to new topics in section 73)
52.25.Fi Transport properties
34.50.-s Scattering of atoms and molecules
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