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1 Sep 1971

Volume 42, Issue 10, pp. 3659-4111

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Multiphonon Orbit‐Lattice Relaxation and Quantum Efficiency of 10‐μ Infrared Quantum‐Counter Upconversion in Rare‐Earth‐Doped Crystals

John C. Wright, Francis K. Fong, and Marvin M. Miller

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3806 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659689 (6 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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Various quantum counter schemes involving the lower J levels of Eu3+ and Sm2+ are examined in terms of orbit‐lattice‐induced multiphonon relaxation processes. The quantum efficiency of the upconversion process has been quantitatively evaluated as a function of the laser pump which brings about the frequency upconversion. Optimum conditions are given for the 10‐μ infrared quantum counter, and its detectivity and response time are discussed and compared with other representative 10‐μ detectors. It is shown that the 10‐μ quantum counter can be operated at 77 K.

Properties of He☒Ne☒Zn Laser

G. J. Collins

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3812 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659690 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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A He☒Ne☒Zn gas mixture is demonstrated to be capable of providing tricolor laser oscillation in either the red (6328 Å‐Ne I), yellow (5894 Å‐Zn II), or blue (4924 Å‐Zn II) spectral regions with a total output power of nearly 10 mW. An observed quenching of the blue (4924 Å‐Zn II) laser transition in He☒Ne☒Zn mixtures when the neon partial pressure exceeds 0.10 Torr is shown to be the result of a thermal‐energy charge‐exchange reaction involving ground‐state neon atomic ions and Zn I ground‐state atoms. The total velocity averaged cross section for this reaction is measured, and the relatively large value obtained (10−15 cm2) accounts for the strong sensitivity of the 4924‐Å laser output to increasing neon partial pressure.

Electron Temperature and Density in Positive Column He☒Cd+ Lasers

Toshio Goto, Atsushi Kawahara, G. J. Collins, and Shuzo Hattori

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3816 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659691 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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Electron temperature and density necessary for quantitative study of saturation mechanism of laser power have been measured over the range of the typical He☒Cd+ laser discharge conditions with the double‐probe method. It is shown that the electron temperature decreases very rapidly with increasing cadmium pressure and the electron density has a broad minimum at cadmium pressures around 10−3 Torr where the 4416‐Å laser output power shows a sharp peak.

Characteristics of the HCN Laser Radiation at High‐Excitation Currents

R. Turner and T. O. Poehler

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3819 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659692 (8 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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The HCN gas laser using short (1 μsec) high‐current (15 kA) pulsed excitation emits its 337‐μm radiation in pulses approximately 50 μsec long and 90 μsec apart that last for almost 500 μsec; the output is similar, in many respects, to the spiking observed in solid‐state lasers. The pulsed nature of the output is due to radial acoustic oscillations, produced in the gas by the high current, which modulate the electron density in the cavity. The output depends critically on the distribution of gas in the cavity and is a maximum when the density on the axis is a minimum. The mechanism by which the density change influences the output has not been definitely established. It appears, however, that the gradient in the index of refraction which is produced by the oscillations and is in the correct direction to defocus the cavity at the time of minimum output is the most likely source of the pulses.

Ultraviolet‐Induced Transient and Stable Color Centers in Self‐Q‐Switching Laser Glass

R. J. Landry, E. Snitzer, and R. H. Bartram

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3827 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659693 (12 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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The optical absorption spectrum of ultraviolet‐ (uv‐) induced room‐temperature stable color centers and the uv spectrum for their generation in a laser self‐Q‐switching glass were obtained. The optical absorption spectrum is similar to that for x‐ray‐irradiated silicate glasses of simpler composition. The uv generation spectrum was found to consist of a narrow Gaussian line of width 2250 cm−1 with peak at 45 800 cm−1. The optical absorption spectrum of the uv‐induced transient color centers was also obtained and appears to consist of the superposition of a broad asymmetric absorption band peaked near 740 nm and a Gaussian‐shaped annihilation band peaked near 674 nm. The lifetime of the 740‐nm band was found to be about 200 msec and that of the 674‐nm band about 400 msec. The 740‐nm transient absorption band is identified with the E1,2− band which Mackey, Smith, and Halperin attribute to a trapped electron polaron. The line shape of this transient absorption is interpreted in terms of a large‐polaron strong‐coupling model from which various properties are inferred. The transient annihilation band at 674 nm is identified with the temporary bleaching of a room‐temperature stable trapped‐hole center. A model is suggested for the production of both stable and transient color centers.

Mode Perturbations and Filamentary Coupling in GaAs Lasers

Harold Wieder

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3839 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659694 (5 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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Three distinct types of mode perturbations are revealed in the temporal output of GaAs lasers: (a) mode hopping between longitudinal modes; (b) random noise associated with the sharing of power among modes; and (c) a sudden spatial redistribution of power brought on by the excitation of a different set of transverse modes. Filaments are shown to couple to one another at all power levels for narrow junction lasers, probably by means of diffraction effects.

Thermal Stability of Polymethine Q‐Switch Solutions

R. C. Pastor, H. Kimura, and B. H. Soffer

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3844 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659695 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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The reversible and irreversible thermal bleaching of two solutions widely used for Q switching at 1.06 μm were studied. Over the temperature range studied, three first‐order reaction paths were necessary and sufficient to describe the experimental results. The two dyes were shown to exhibit significantly different rate constants.

Measurement and Interpretation of Dynamic Spectrograms of Picosecond Light Pulses

E. B. Treacy

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3848 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659696 (11 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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A dynamic spectrogram depicts intensity as a function of frequency and time simultaneously, subject to the classical uncertainty relation δωδt≈2π. For an optical pulse having the Fourier transform ∣g(ω)∣eiϕ(ω), high‐resolution spectroscopy gives ∣g(ω)∣2, while the dynamic spectrogram gives knowledge of ∂ϕ(ω)∕∂ω permitting reconstruction of many features of the amplitude and phase modulations of the original pulse. Linear, parabolic, and two sinusoidal spectrogram shapes are interpreted theoretically. An instrument for measuring dynamic spectrograms is described. It involves the use of a spectrometer with ultrafast time response and has been used in an antisymmetric mode to measure frequency sweep rate as a function of wavelength for picosecond laser pulses. The change in the dynamic spectrogram of a pulse brought about by linear pulse compression and the resultant change in pulse envelope shape have been computed for a typical picosecond pulse.

Impedance Matching a Josephson Galvanometer by Means of a Superconducting Transformer

John Clarke, William E. Tennant, and D. Woody

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3859 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659697 (7 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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The concept of an effective noise temperature is developed and applied to superconducting galvanometers. It is shown that even when the device is being used at a temperature above its noise temperature, Johnson noise in a source resistance may be observed only if this resistance is below a certain value, defined as the critical resistance. A detailed design is given for a superconducting transformer which matches the galvanometer to higher resistance and thereby appreciably increases the critical resistance. The transformer may be used at zero frequency. A practical transformer is described which has been used with the Josephson device known as the Slug. The transformer increased the critical resistance from 7×10−8 to 2×10−2 Ω and could be readily adapted to match to resistances up to 1 Ω.

Transient Signals from a Buried Magnetic Dipole

James R. Wait and David A. Hill

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3866 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659698 (4 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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The solution for a pulse‐excited magnetic dipole is carried through for a conducting half‐space model of the earth. All displacement currents are neglected so the solution is not valid at very small times in the transient response. It is shown that the waveforms of the magnetic field components on the surface depend both on the conductivity of the earth and the geometrical parameters of the problem. The results have possible application to electromagnetic signaling and direction finding for a buried source.

Thickness Dependence of Surface Coercivity in Polished Magnetic Oxide Platelets

P. P. Luff and E. Brosselard

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3870 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659699 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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Magnetic oxide platelets which have been prepared using abrasive polishing techniques can possess a high domain wall coercivity, Hc > 5 Oe, which renders them useless for device applications. The coercivity can be reduced by ion milling the platelet surfaces. The problem arises of how much material to remove to provide a useful device for a particular application. This paper describes the application of ion milling to investigate the thickness dependence of coercivity in Sm0.55 Tb0.45 FeO3 and YbFeO3 platelets. The etching rate used was 0.5μ ∕h∕side and coercivities as low as 0.08 Oe for Sm0.55Tb0.45FeO3 and 0.4 Oe for YbFeO3 have been obtained after removal of a total of 9 μ of material from the platelet surfaces. A method for producing a guide channel for bubble domains is also described.

Polarization of Light in Suspensions of Small Ferrite Particles in a Magnetic Field

P. Goldberg, Jane Hansford, and P. J. van Heerden

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3874 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659700 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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Suspensions of small ferrite particles show polarization of light when placed in a magnetic field. Some observations and their interpretations are given.

Mechanism of Curie‐Point Writing in Thin Films of Manganese Bismuth

Enrique Bernal G.

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3877 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659701 (11 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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This paper presents the first detailed calculation of the demagnetizing field using the measured temperature dependence of the magnetization of manganese bismuth films and assuming realistic time‐dependent temperature distributions. It yields calculated demagnetizing fields that are in good agreement with the measured values of field required to erase written spots in manganese bismuth in either of its two phases. Based on the agreement between measured erasure field and calculated demagnetizing field, we conclude that the demagnetizing field model of Curie‐point writing is justifiable. The results can be used to explain the previously reported partial erasure characteristics of this material.

Temperature Dependence of the Bulk Modulus of Alkali Halides

M. P. Madan

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3888 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659702 (6 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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There is very little data on the behavior of the bulk modulus of crystals over a wide temperature range. Recently, Anderson revived interest in a fundamental constant of a solid called δ, which was first introduced by Grüneisen. This parameter is similar in many respects to the well‐known Grüneisen parameter γ and was used by Anderson to explain the temperature dependence of the bulk modulus of oxide compounds. In the present paper, general expressions for δ have been derived in a simple manner correlating the thermodynamical and the interatomic potential approaches. The parameter δ has also been related to the Grüneisen parameter using the Slater and Dugdale‐MacDonald equations. The relative appropriateness of different expressions for δ has been discussed. The computed values of δ for NaCl‐ and CsCl‐type alkali halides based on the Born‐Mayer and the modified Born‐Mayer potential forms have been reported and are found to be consistent and in essential agreement with other determinations. These values have been used to calculate the adiabatic bulk modulus as a function of temperature for KCl and NaCl. A good agreement is found with the experimental data over most of the temperature range in the neighborhood of and above the room temperature. This general accord with the predictions of theory clearly indicates that in the temperature range where the experimental data is inadequate, it is possible to predict the temperature dependence of the bulk modulus of nonoxide compounds also, using Anderson's equation and the relationships for δ developed in the present paper.

Method for Measuring the Incident‐Beam Energy in Scanning Electron Microscopy Using Electron Channelling Patterns

E. M. Schulson

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3894 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659703 (6 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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Based on recently developed electron channelling pattern techniques, a method is presented for determining directly the incident‐beam energy in scanning electron microscopy. A ``standard'' crystal is oriented to give a high‐resolution pair of electron channelling lines (hkl) and (mathmathmath) from a known set of Bragg planes, and from the width of the pair, the Bragg angle is determined using a simple conversion procedure. The De Broglie wavelength of the incident electrons, and hence their energy, can then be calculated. The method is demonstrated experimentally and shown to be accurate to about ±1.5%. This accuracy is possible provided a goniometer tilt stage is available with a tilt accuracy of about ±1% (for example, ±0.02° in 2° tilts), and the effect of scan distortions on the final image is negligible. It is pointed out that the accuracy of lattice parameter measurements using the electron channelling pattern technique could be limited by the accuracy of the incident wavelength. An appendix is given discussing the curvature of channelling lines and the effect of curvature on pair‐width measurements.
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Comments on Homogeneous Nucleation Theory

Kazumi Nishioka, G. M. Pound, Jens Lothe, and J. P. Hirth

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3900 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659704 (4 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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Reiss, Katz, and Cohen's theory for homogeneous nucleation of liquid from vapor is reformulated by using the criticism of Lothe and Pound. It is concluded that P(0) in Reiss, Katz, and Cohen's result has to be replaced by 1∕vcell. This gives a metastable equilibrium concentration of critical clusters 102–105 times larger than that predicted by Reiss, Katz, and Cohen for a typical case. The effect described has to do only with translation; the contribution from rotation of the cluster is still wholly ignored.

Adatom Capture and Growth Rates of Nuclei

R. A. Sigsbee

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3904 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659705 (12 pages) | Cited 31 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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A comprehensive treatment for the growth of cap‐ and disk‐shaped nuclei on surfaces is developed. The results are important for a description of high‐vacuum thin‐film deposition, chemical‐vapor deposition, electrodeposition, oxidation, and dropwise‐condensation heat‐transfer processes. The curvature effects of small nuclei on the adatom concentration field are included and shown to be negligible for nuclei appreciably larger than the critical size. The extent of the nucleation‐exclusion zone surrounding a growing nucleus is shown to be strongly size dependent and initially much smaller than the adatom‐capture zone. This obtains until the nucleus radius approaches the mean adatom‐diffusion distance. Growth is considered to begin at the instant a nucleus exceeds the critical size. Analytical solutions and numerical integration have yielded results which are suitable for the evaluation of nuclei growth rates and growth times under most experimental conditions. This treatment also enables an evaluation of the adatom mean surface‐diffusion distance and desorption energy to be made independent of the nucleation‐rate model (classical or atomistic) chosen. Growth rates and times are shown to be essentially independent of the critical nucleus size for supersaturations greater than 100 and sizes greater than several times the critical. Growth on a substrate saturated with nuclei is also treated.

Kinetics of Gas‐Bubble Swelling in Silver

H. R. Patil and H. B. Huntington

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3916 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659706 (17 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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A nondestructive method has been used to monitor continuously the volume changes in thin‐walled tubes of oxygen‐bearing silver which were heated in an argon ambient containing a few percent hydrogen. A large direct current was used to heat the samples while their ends were water cooled. Above ∼ 550°C rapid specimen elongation and swelling were immediately apparent but slowed up progressively with time. The microstructure consisted of an extensive network of void‐infested grain boundaries with fissures and occasional cracks. The rate and extent of the dimensional changes depended sensitively on the duration of preanneal, the ambient hydrogen partial pressure, and the impurity content of the material. In addition to the initial elongation and swelling, a subsequent dimensional change manifesting itself in a predominantly radial contraction was observed at temperatures above ∼ 800°C. These results are discussed in terms of the formation and the growth by agglomeration of steam bubbles swept together by the moving substructure boundaries. The possibility of dissociation of water at high temperature and the consequent bubble collapse is considered probably responsible for the observed radial shrinkage.

Impurity Photoconductivity and Impact Ionization of Shallow States in Semiconductors

Richard S. Crandall

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3933 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659707 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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A model calculation is made of the photocarrier density in a semiconductor that is undergoing impact ionization of shallow impurity states at low temperatures. The following conclusions are drawn about the photocarrier multiplication. If there is no dependence of the impact‐ionization probability on the carrier density, then an uncompensated material shows little if any multiplication. A compensated sample on the other hand can show large multiplication. If the impact‐ionization probability does depend on carrier density, then both compensated and uncompensated materials can show multiplication. This will be the case if the impact ionization probability increases with increasing carrier density. If it decreases with increasing carrier density then multiplication is reduced. The effects of photoexcitation on a current‐controlled negative resistance is also discussed. The theory is compared with experimental results on n‐type CdS, GaAs, and CdSe. In all cases, the model can explain the absence or presence of multiplication.

Transition from Transient to Steady‐State Currents in Insulators

J. Mort and H. Scher

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3939 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659708 (9 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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An essentially descriptive treatment is presented of the transition from transient to steady‐state currents for small, i.e., space‐charge unperturbed signals. This transition has not previously been discussed in the literature. The analogous transition for large signals, i.e., space‐charge perturbed and ultimately space‐charge limited, is discussed in a comparative framework. The theoretical predictions are illustrated by new results on electron transport in orthorhombic sulfur single crystals. The low drift mobility and long lifetime for electrons in this elemental insulator allowed, for the first time, the observation of the time‐resolved transition from transient to steady‐state currents for small signals. The experimental results provide the first direct experimental observation that space‐charge‐perturbed currents, as opposed to space‐charge‐limited currents, are bulk limited even when light intensity dependent.

Adsorption and Growth of Cadmium on Polycrystalline Tungsten

R. S. Wagner and R. J. H. Voorhoeve

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3948 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659709 (12 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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The multilayer adsorption and growth of cadmium on clean polycrystalline tungsten ribbons (with strong preferred orientation) has been investigated with a molecular‐beam and mass‐spectrometric technique. The adsorption and desorption kinetics have been studied as a function of temperature, supersaturation, and coverage. Five distinct adsorption states have been found between 100 and 600°C. Growth of bulk cadmium occurs only after multilayer adsorption is complete. No measurable supersaturation or critical nucleation event is observed for the growth of cadmium. However, even at high supersaturation and heavy coverage, the condensation coefficient is still smaller than unity. The kinetic and structural data are explained by the evolution of faceted, crystallographic, and epitaxial cadmium islands on the cadmium multilayer adsorbate.

Effect of a Slit on the Measured Plasma Ion‐Energy Distribution

Charles H. Stallings and Glenn W. Kuswa

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3960 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659710 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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Measured ion‐energy distributions were found to vary with the width of the slit separating the body of a streaming plasma from the analyzing system. Slit widths from 0.1–75 Debye lengths were investigated. The flux of ions detected on centerline and at a given energy varied linearly with (W‐i) for W sufficiently large. W is the width of the slit and i is a positive number independent of W but depending on the plasma parameters. Using this linearity the ion‐energy distribution in the plasma could be extracted from two measurements of the distribution at different slit widths. An analysis of the effect predicted the variation of ion flux with slit width as a function of plasma parameters. This analysis gave a method for determining Debye length and electron temperature as well as the correct ion‐energy distribution from measurements of the ion flux.

Penetration of a Dense Plasma by an rf Electric Field

D. Lépéchinsky and J. A. Tataronis

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3965 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659711 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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It is shown that the parallel‐plate plasma capacitor can be used effectively to excite, in the absence of an external magnetic field, an electric field that is uniformly distributed across a plasma slab for frequencies well below the plasma frequency. The structure is analyzed in detail using the complete set of Maxwell's equations.

Stopping Cross Sections for 0.3‐ to 1.7‐MeV Helium Ions in Silicon and Silicon Dioxide

D. A. Thompson and W. D. Mackintosh

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3969 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659712 (8 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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Stopping cross sections of helium ions with energy 0.3–1.7 MeV have been measured with a systematic error of ±1.6% in silicon and ±1.3% in amorphous silicon dioxide. The probable random error of the measurements is estimated to be 2.3%. Experimentally, a backscattering technique is used in which the ions are scattered through 150° from a heavy mass atom on the back surface of the target film. The stopping cross‐section data were obtained using a 1114‐Å‐thick silicon target film and a 1030‐Å silicon dioxide film. The results for SiO2 indicate a deviation from the Bragg‐Kleeman rule of additivity of atomic stopping cross sections.

Thermal Conversion of Interstitials in Electron‐Irradiated Copper

H. M. Simpson, A. Sosin, and S. L. Seiffert

J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3977 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659713 (5 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2003

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A study by internal friction measurements has been made on high‐purity copper of the effects of 1‐MeV electron irradiation on the rate of addition of point defects to dislocations in the temperature range 78–400°K. A distinct minimum in the point‐defect pinning rate is observed at about 160°K. It is also observed that a peak in the decrement as a function of irradiation time occurs, having a peak‐position time dependence which reflects the rate at which point defects arrive at dislocations. The above observations are discussed and taken as directed experimental evidence in support of the thermal‐conversion model. The maximum in internal friction and the minimum in the pinning rate are accounted for in a model of damping due to the dragging of point defects by dislocations.
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