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1 Jul 1970

Volume 41, Issue 8, pp. 3197-3559

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Dislocation Cell Formation in Metals

David L. Holt

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3197 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659399 (5 pages) | Cited 188 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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It is shown by an analysis similar to that for the spinodal decomposition of a supersaturated solution that an array of dislocations, modelled by parallel screw dislocations, of uniform density, is unstable; the dislocations move to form a structure having a modulated dislocation density. It is suggested that the instability grows ultimately into a dislocation cell structure and that the cell size is given by the dominant wavelength of the density modulation. This wavelength λm is found to be proportional to ρ−1∕2 and furthermore the wavelength is given by λm ≈ Kc⋅ρ−1∕2=rc, where Kc is a constant, ρ is the dislocation density and rc is defined as a dislocation‐dislocation interaction distance. Data in the literature relating to cell size are shown to support this result. Restrictions on the applicability of the analysis are discussed.

Diffusion of Copper in Nickel Single Crystals

H. Helfmeier and M. Feller‐Kniepmeier

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3202 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659400 (4 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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The lattice diffusion coefficient of copper in high‐purity nickel single crystals is measured between 775° and 1050°C. The diffusion coefficient satisfies the equation D=0.27 exp(−61.02∕RT) cm2 sec−1, with an error in D0 of ±22% and in Q of ±1%. A comparison with the results of other authors is given, showing that the dc measured is considerably lower than in previous investigations. This effect is referred to grain‐boundary diffusion and chemical impurities in the specimens used earlier.

Diffusion in Wide Grain Boundaries

J. Mimkes and M. Wuttig

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3205 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659401 (5 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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The rigorous solution of the grain‐boundary diffusion problem has been approximated by a series expansion method. The calculations show that higher‐order terms may be neglected in the bulk adjacent to the grain boundary. Thus, in this region Whipple's and Suzuoka's solutions represent a close approximation to the problem. Inside the grain boundary, however, higher‐order approximations have to be taken into account. These approximations gain importance in the case of wide grain boundaries. The solutions obtained for an instantaneous source have been fitted to available grain‐boundary diffusion data of Ni2+ in MgO at 1200°C. Numerical calculations give for the bulk diffusion coefficient D=2.9×10−12 cm2 sec−1, the ratio of diffusion coefficient Δ=1.5 and for the grain‐boundary width a=75 μ.

Ferrite‐Filled Elliptical Waveguides. I. Propagation Characteristics

W. E. Salmond and C. Yeh

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3210 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659402 (11 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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This paper deals with electromagnetic wave propagation in a longitudinally magnetized, ferrite‐filled elliptical waveguide. Using the wave equations and boundary conditions for a ferrite‐filled waveguide of arbitrary cross‐sectional shape, it is shown that for an elliptical cross section the characteristic equations for the propagation constant take the form of even and odd infinite determinants. Solutions for the characteristic equations are obtained for various values of applied field strength, saturation magnetization, and waveguide ellipticity. The existence of three types of cutoff conditions is demonstrated.

Ferrite‐Filled Elliptical Waveguides. II. Faraday Effects

W. E. Salmond and C. Yeh

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3221 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659403 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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Detailed analyses were carried out for the Faraday effect of electromagnetic waves propagating in longitudinally magnetized ferrite‐filled elliptical waveguides. Few resemblances were found between the Faraday rotation effect in a circular waveguide and that in an elliptical waveguide. The circular waveguide features strong coupling between the dominant vertically and horizontally polarized modes, whereas in the elliptical ferrite‐filled guide very little mode coupling occurs for large eccentricities.

Photoemission from Amorphous Selenium

Algird G. Leiga

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3227 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659404 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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Photoemission yield measurements were made on amorphous selenium from about 6 to 21 eV. The yield curve exhibits a change in slope at about 7.8 eV corresponding to a maximum in the imaginary dielectric constant. The photoemission threshold is obtained by using a threshold law equation derived by Kane, Y = C (E − Et)n, where Y is the yield, E and Et are the photon energy and threshold energy, and C and n are constants. The yield data up to 8 eV are best represented by the equation with n = math resulting in an extrapolated photoemission threshold of 5.86 eV for amrophous selenium.

Voltage‐Current Characteristics for Electrical Conduction Through Thin MgO Films

R. J. Soukup and D. E. Speliotis

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3229 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659405 (8 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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The voltage‐current characteristics of Au☒MgO☒Au thin‐film emission diodes formed by electron beam evaporation of Au and MgO are consistent with an expression derived for Schottky field emission into the conduction band of the oxide. These results however indicate a potential barrier height of about 0.72 eV when determined from the zero‐field intercept of the straight line logI vs V1∕2 plot and about 0.33 eV when obtained from an Arrhenius plot. These apparent barrier heights were different for devices fabricated by depositing the MgO film in an oxygen atmosphere. The apparent barrier height determined from the zero‐field intercept went up for increasing oxygen pressure and the barrier height determined from the Arrhenius plot went down. Emission of electrons into vacuum was observed from each device at very low sample biases indicating that preferential emission through pinholes in the Au overlayer was occurring.

Mechanisms Controlling the Positive Ion Emission from Heated Fe Filaments

E. K. Stefanakos, M. J. Dresser, and R. F. Tinder

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3236 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659406 (9 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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Positive ions emitted from heated iron filaments consist mainly of the alkali‐metal atoms, such as lithium, sodium, and potassium, which are present in iron as trace impurities. Changes in the work function with different applied partial pressures of oxygen and hydrogen have been recorded. From the results of measurement it is concluded that the effect of oxygen on the work function of iron is much stronger than that of hydrogen. Kinetic data representing the emission of Na and K ions from Fe were obtained in the temperature range of 1050°–1350°K. Diffusion and ion desorption are discussed as possible rate‐controlling processes. Activation energies, believed to represent the diffusion of Na and K atoms in Fe, are found to be approximately 38 kcal∕mole (1.7 eV) and 53 kcal∕mole (2.3 eV), respectively. The Richardson work function of iron varies from ϕ≃4.0 eV at P02≃10−9 Torr to ϕ≃5.6 eV at P02≃10−5 Torr. When a diffusion‐controlled process is assumed, the difference between the activation energies, for the above two oxygen pressure conditions, is found to be the same as the difference (I ‐ ϕ); that is, the difference between the first ionization potential of the atom and the work function of the metal surface. The experimentally determined values of (I ‐ ϕ)exD for K and Na agree within experimental error with the calculated values.

Cavity Mode of a High‐Pressure Mercury Arc

John E. White

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3245 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659407 (11 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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The conditions necessary to establish a stable hollow‐cathode or cavity mode in a high‐pressure mercury vapor discharge have been studied by analysis of the physical processes at the electrodes. The electron emission is primarily Schottky‐enhanced thermionic, so the cavity mode is favored by a thermally shielded cavity design, at low currents. Techniques have been developed for measurement of the temperature of the arc terminus of the probe contact potential relative to the electrode, of the cathode fall of potential, and of the power input to the electrode. Positive ion current densities, work functions of the dispenser‐type electrode at the arc terminus and other interesting quantities have been obtained by computation. The analysis giving these results has been partially verified by experiment.

Effect of Radio‐Frequency Fields on the Electrical Breakdown of Vacuum‐Insulated Electrodes

Robert L. Kustom

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3256 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659408 (13 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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Five possible mechanisms of dc vacuum breakdown are analyzed for rf electric fields. The theories which are considered are the vaporization of a micron‐sized cathode irregularity due to joule heating by field‐emitted electrons, vaporization of the anode due to bombardment by field‐emitted electrons, field‐emission current instability created by the presence of anode ions, exchange of electrode ions, and microparticle vaporization. The analysis indicates that mechanisms which do not involve anode ions in gaps of 0.2–1.0 cm will not be strongly influenced by rf fields in the frequency range of 20–120 MHz. Under similar conditions, the theories involving anode ions predict a very sizable increase in the voltage capability of vacuum‐insulated electrodes. Experimental ratios of vacuum breakdown voltage at 21.5 MHz to that for 60 Hz were experimentally determined for highly polished tungsten electrodes with separations between 0.18 and 0.61 cm. The rf voltages obtained experimentally were less than the values predicted by theory, although the cathode whisker vaporization and ion perturbation by light ions were within experimental uncertainties. From the differences seen in spark conditioning of electrodes, it would appear that micron‐sized particles are involved in the spark threshold at 60 Hz.

Measurement of the Effective Dissociation Potential of Seed Compounds in MHD Experiments

T. Fu, D. W. George, H. K. Messerle, and M. Sakuntala

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3268 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659409 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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A method is developed for the determination of the effective dissociation potential (Vd) of an alkali compound used as a seed in the low‐temperature and high‐pressure working fluid of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator. For a simple compound like potassium chloride (KCl) Vd can be derived directly by measuring the ion density in the plasma from the current‐voltage characteristics observed in MHD generator. For complex seed compounds like potassium sulphate (K2SO4), the method leads to an effective Vd as referred to an assumed dissociation reaction. Additional experimental information as to the specific radical involved would be required to establish the true dissociation energy. In the experiments presented here, the working gas is argon at atmospheric pressure and the temperature ranges from 2000° to 3000°K. In the temperature range used and for KCl undergoing the reaction KCl⇄K+Cl, the actual dissociation potential Vd is found to be 3.6±0.4 eV. For K2SO4 the assumed dissociation reaction, K2SO4⇄2K+S+4O leads to the effective Vd=10.7±3.1 eV.

Phenomenological Approach to Low‐Frequency Electrical Noise

S. Teitler and M. F. M. Osborne

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3274 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659410 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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A phenomenological description of excess noise in a nonequilibrium system is presented. The development involves two basic physical ideas. Firstly, the excess noise is ascribed to the fluctuation of the local reference level to which equilibrium and other white fluctuations are compared. Secondly, it is assumed that excess low‐frequency noise involves a nonlinear process. This implies the noise power in different frequency regions are coupled. A further simple assumption requires the integral of the power spectral density over specially chosen intervals to be a constant. This leads to a 1∕f spectrum for the power spectral density. Possible generalizations that provide for other spectral laws are also mentioned.

Collapse of a Hollow Inviscid Cylinder

J. H. Dumbleton

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3277 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659411 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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In the production of a hollow inviscid cylinder, it is necessary to maintain an internal pressure to prevent collapse. If this pressure is too low, collapse ensues. The process of collapse is herein examined and equations are given which enable the shape of the initially cylindrical surfaces to be calculated. This collapse mechanism is compared with that arising from capillary instability.

Optical Index Damage in LiNbO3 and Other Pyroelectric Insulators

W. D. Johnston

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3279 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659412 (7 pages) | Cited 72 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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Laser‐induced optical index damage in LiNbO3 and other pyroelectrics of ABO3 structure is discussed in the light of recent results of stoichiometry investigations. The damage is attributed to the presence of B‐excess stacking‐fault defects. The dc photovoltaic effect in LiNbO3 as well as the detailed spatial distribution of refractive‐index variation is explained in terms of photoinduced variation of the macroscopic spontaneous polarization density. This variation results in a polarization charge‐density distribution, and an approximately compensatory space‐charge distribution. The index damage results from the polarization‐based electrooptic effect.

Study of the Quenching Propagation of Bare and Insulated Semistabilized Superconducting Wires

S. Shimamoto and H. Desportes

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3286 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659413 (9 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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The minimum propagating current, the velocity of propagation, and the temperature rise in semistabilized superconducting wires with and without insulation have been measured by heat pulse tests in magnetic fields up to 70 kG. These experiments have shown that insulated wire can be more stable under external heat perturbation than bare wire and that its temperature rise after quenching is slower. The tests also show that the velocity of propagation is strongly affected, at any current level, by the cooling conditions and by even a very thin surface coating on the wire.

Stability Analysis of a Levitated Superconducting Current Ring Stabilized by Feedback and Eddy Currents

C. H. Woods, R. K. Cooper, V. K. Neil, and C. E. Taylor

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3295 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659414 (11 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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A stability analysis is presented for the superconducting levitron stabilized partly by feedback and partly by magnetic coupling to metal plates placed symmetrically above and below the current ring. The system is so designed that eddy currents in the plates provide sufficient damping to limit the velocity of the ring to safe values in case of loss of control. The magnetic field associated with the feedback system must diffuse through the plates, which tends to handicap the feedback process and complicate the stability analysis. While levitated current rings stabilized by feedback normally require a component of stabilizing current proportional to the ring velocity to produce artificial damping, the present system is found to be stable without such a velocity‐dependent component.

Correlation between Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence Time Decay in Red‐Emitting GaP Diodes at Room Temperature

W. H. Hackett and R. N. Bhargava

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3306 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659415 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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It is shown that photoluminescent and electroluminescent decay times are equal in a wide variety of red‐emitting GaP diodes grown by liquid‐phase epitaxy. In general, the luminescent decay times depend strongly on the Zn concentration in the bulk p region. For high Zn concentrations (≥5×1017 cm−3) the decay times vary approximately inversely with Zn concentration. The equality of the photoluminescent and electroluminescent decay times for the wide variation of decay times and Zn concentrations provides additional evidence that the luminescence occurs in the bulk Zn‐ and O‐doped p region.

Factors Controlling Infrared‐Pumped Visible Emission of Yb3+☒Er3+ in the Scheelites

J. P. van der Ziel, L. G. Van Uitert, and W. H. Grodkiewicz

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3308 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659416 (8 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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The rate equations for green fluorescence of the Yb3+☒Er3+ doubly doped quantum counter are solved for the case of an infrared pump at the Yb3+ 2F7∕2−2F5∕2 transition. The successive transfer of excitation from two Yb3+ ions to the Er3+ produces green emission from the Er3+ 4S3∕2 level. The increase of the 4S3∕2 lifetime with increasing Yb3+ concentration in Na0.5(Y, Yb, Er)0.5WO4 confirms the consecutive transfer model of Auzel. Emission from Er3+ in a solid solution of divalent cation tungstates or molybdates (having the scheelite structure) under long‐wave ultraviolet excitation is proportional to the inverse of the cation‐anion separation, and hence the binding energy. The emission under infrared excitation is relatively independent of this separation.

Application of Internal‐Stress‐Distribution Theory to ΔE Effect, Initial Permeability, and Temperature‐Dependent Magnetomechanical Damping

George W. Smith and J. Robert Birchak

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3315 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659417 (7 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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The internal‐stress‐distribution model of magnetomechanical hysteresis is extended to a calculation of the ΔE effect, the irreversible low‐field permeability, and temperature‐dependent magnetomechanical damping. The calculation of the strain dependence of the ΔE effect agrees well with experimental results for Fe‐7.65% Ge. The model for permeability yields results for the product λσi(λ=magnetostriction, σi=average internal stress) in reasonable agreement with values from the Becker‐Kersten model for reversible initial permeability μ0 and coercive force Hc. The temperature‐dependent damping observed in Ni by Roberts and Barrand is ascribed to an increase in domain‐wall thickness as anistropy decreases. The model gives reasonable agreement with the measured temperature dependence.

Measurement on Misalignment of the Axis of a Magnetic Field for Electron‐Beam Focusing

H. Nishihara and M. Terada

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3322 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659418 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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The method, which was previously proposed by the authors, of locating the magnetic‐field axis has been applied to measure the misalignment of the axes of a uniform magnetic field produced by a solenoidal coil and of a periodic one produced by a permanent‐magnet stack. In the former the tilt of field axis has been detected with a resolution of the order of 10−3 rad. In the latter the displacement of the field axis has been detected with a resolution of the order of 10−2 mm, which is equal to about one part in 103 of the inner diameter of magnets. It has been found experimentally that even a slight local misalignment considerably influences electron‐beam transmission.

Magnetic Anisotropy of Vanadium‐Indium‐Substituted YIG

Ferdinand Euler and H. Jerrold Van Hook

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3325 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659419 (7 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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Crystals of the general composition {Y3−2xCa2x} [Fe2−yIny] (Fe3−xVx)O12 were grown by the PbO flux method. Electron microprobe studies revealed zoning patterns of varying x within these crystals, while the indium content was found uniform among all crystals from the same crucible. Average x and y was determined by measuring the saturation magnetization Ms and the Curie temperature. Three series of crystals were produced with y=0, 0.11 and 0.35, and x ranging from 0.19 to 0.82. Ferrimagnetic resonance between 4 and 300 K yielded the anisotropy constants K1 and K2. These single‐crystal data were supplemented by the results of line‐shape analysis of polycrystalline samples with low Ms. At T=0, ∣ K1 (x) ∣ is nonlinear with a maximum at x≈0.2. The reduced temperature dependence of the reduced anisotropy field was found independent of composition.

Reversible Susceptibility of an Assembly of Single‐Domain Particles and Their Magnetic Anisotropy

E. Köster

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3332 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659420 (5 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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The anisotropy properties of fine magnetic particles can be determined by measurements of the initial reversible susceptibility. The effects of magnetostatic interactions on the reversible magnetization in low magnetic fields near zero and saturation remanence are treated in detail with regard to packing fraction p and particle axes orientations. It is shown among other results that for any symmetrical orientation distribution, the reciprocal initial reversible susceptibility decreases linearly with p. Thus, by extrapolation to p=0 (the susceptibility without interaction effects) the effective anisotropy constant of the particles can be obtained. From the temperature dependence of the susceptibility it is conjectured that γ‐Fe2O3 has 〈110〉 easy directions of crystalline anisotropy. The corresponding anisotropy field as a function of temperature between 77° and 400°K was thus determined from susceptibility measurements. For CrO2 particles the anisotropy data are already known and are shown to be in good agreement with the present results.

Energy Spectrum of the Domain Structure of Metal Platelets Under Stress

Jan Kaczér

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3336 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659421 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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The domain structure of thin metal platelets having positive cubic anisotropy constants K1 changes discontinuously on application of external stress. The paper deals with the calculation of the eigenvalues of the stress and of the wall energy corresponding to these discrete domain configurations determined by the finite size and shape of the platelets.

Concerning the Origin of Uniaxial Magnetic Anisotropy in Electrodeposited Permalloy Films

J. R. Kench and S. B. Schuldt

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3338 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659422 (9 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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Experimental evidence is adduced to suggest that electrodeposited iron‐nickel alloys may contain α‐phase regions in a γ‐phase matrix. This observation is taken as evidence of large variations in composition on a scale of 1000 Å or less, and calculations are presented which show that it may be feasible to explain the observed uniaxial anisotropy in electrodeposited iron‐nickel alloys in terms of a magnetostrictive mechanism even though the average plating composition be that of a zerostrictive material.

Tensile Plastic Instability at an Elevated Temperature and Its Dependence upon Strain Rate

P. J. Wray

J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3347 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1659423 (6 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2003

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Observations have been made of the changes in shape that develop in initially cylindrical specimens of In☒0.5% Pb and In☒5.0% Pb alloys extended axially at overall strain rates in the range 1.2×10−7−1.7×10−1 sec−1 at a temperature of 0.69Tm. To deal with the dynamic nature of neck formation and with the possibility that necks once formed may become dormant, the concept of neck activity is introduced. Two types of instability are observed. The first instability is related to the initiation of several active necks in a uniformly deforming specimen. It may occur at small strains (<0.05) and apparently is strain‐rate sensitive. The second instability occurs at large strains and involves the unequal rate of growth of concurrently active necks, resulting in the final ascendancy of a single neck. The second instability is related to elevated temperature ductility. At high strain rates, where work hardening is dominant, it corresponds approximately to Considère's criterion, but at low strain rates, where viscous effects are significant, a postponement with respect to the Considère condition is observed, the ductility increasing with decreasing strain rate.
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