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1 Jul 1965

Volume 36, Issue 7, pp. 2099-2332

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Diffusion during Deformation by Surface Intensity Methods

A. L. Ruoff

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2207 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714451 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Equations are derived for the surface activity of a diffusion specimen for two cases: In the thin plate case (plane source at the origin of a semi‐infinite slab), an analytical solution is obtained for a statically annealed sample and for a sample annealed during simultaneous deformation (either compression or tension normal to the free surface). In the thick plate case, solutions for similar situations are obtained (under proper experimental conditions) in the form of a definite integral convenient for evaluation on an automatic digital computer. Specific cases are shown (using nickel) to illustrate the range in which the thin‐ and thick‐plate solutions are valid. When surface intensity methods are used with a plate sufficiently thick that considerable absorption takes place before diffusion, it is necessary to know precisely the initial plate thickness. This is true regardless of the diffusion time; this is not necessary when the sectioning method is used (with sufficiently long diffusion times). A discussion of a surface intensity experiment by Wazzan is given to illustrate this point.

Thermal Conductivity of High‐Purity Iron at Low Temperatures

Sigurds Arajs, B. F. Oliver, and G. R. Dunmyre

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2210 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714452 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Thermal conductivity (λ) of a high‐purity iron (99.998+% Fe) has been studied as a function of temperature (T) between 7° and 200°K. The λ vs T curve reaches a maximum of about 15 W‐cm−1 °K−1 at 21°K. This value is considerably larger than that of 4.5 W‐cm−1 °K−1 observed before by Kemp et al. in 1959. Our measurements are in qualitative agreement with the theoretical expectations for a high‐purity iron. The problem, associated with accurate determination of the Lorenz number and the thermal resistivity due to electron‐phonon scattering at low temperatures in iron, is briefly discussed.

Thermally Activated Internal Friction in Aluminum

T. S. Hutchison, D. H. Rogers, and R. R. Turkington

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2213 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714453 (7 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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A series of maxima in the internal friction of aluminum at temperatures between 4.2° and 270°K are reported and analyzed. These maxima follow cold work and fast cooling of the specimen and occur on warm‐up. The maxima are related to a mechanism of vacancy pinning of dislocations. Vacancies are indicated by the annealing characteristics of the phenomena. The vacancies in the model are supposedly produced by the cold work and are associated in strings or clusters. Extended dislocations move over saddle interaction energies and produce the relaxation maxima found at kilocycle frequencies. The megacycle attenuation measurements indicate the temperature at which the dislocation breaks from the pinned configuration.

ESR Study of Free‐Radical Production in the Irradiation of Additive‐Containing Polymethylmethacrylate

H. A. Atwater

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2220 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714454 (5 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The free‐radical density produced in polymethylmethacrylate under x‐ray and γ‐ray irradiation has been measured as a function of the amount and kind of organic additive substances present in the polymer. The ratio of radical density produced in the pure polymer by a given radiation dose to that produced in polymers containing additives exhibits a strong dependence upon radiation dose, unlike the similarly defined ratio for the protection against radiation damage by polymer chain scission. The time rate of decay of free‐radical density was also found to depend upon the additives present. The existence of a radiation‐dependent free‐radical annihilation process is postulated.

Observations of Dislocations in Copper using Borrmann Transmission Topographs

F. W. Young, F. A. Sherrill, and M. C. Wittels

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2225 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714455 (6 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Using the Borrmann diffracted beams for Ag Kα radiation, x‐ray topographs have been made of copper crystal plates 1 × 1 × Z cm, Z ≦ 0.1, with (111) faces. Dislocation lines were generally recorded as lines of less intensity on the x‐ray plate. Both annealed and neutron irradiated crystals were investigated. In the latter the dislocations were pinned and were not moved by the small stresses accidently imposed while making the topographs; and dislocation arrangements in the bulk crystal were determined. The Burgers vectors were deduced from {111} topographs, employing the condition that for no contrast g⋅ b = 0. For edge dislocations, the additional condition g × n = 0 was necessary for no contrast, and it was demonstrated that this type of contrast was more pronounced for dislocations grouped in a slip trace. It was found that dislocations could be seen all the way through crystals for Z = 0.06 cm. A semiquantitative correlation has been established between etch pits formed at dislocation sites on the (111) surfaces and the dislocations revealed by the x‐ray topography. It has been possible to obtain complete sets of topographs on only a few annealed crystals; for these, an analysis of the dislocations produced by accidental microstrains has been possible.

Force‐Free Magnetic‐Field Solution in Toroidal Coordinates

G. Joseph Buck

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2231 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714456 (5 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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A method is presented for the solution of the force‐free magnetic‐field boundary‐value problem in toroidal coordinates. An exact solution utilizing the Stokes' current function is given for the free space surrounding the toroid. The solution of the force‐free equations within the current‐carrying region of the toroid, however, requires the use of approximate methods. A suitable approximate method is developed which, also in accordance with physical considerations, exactly satisfies the requirement that the divergence of the current be zero. Galerkin's method is chosen for use in this approximation and use is made of the flexibility of this method to reduce the complexity of the approximation process. A sample calculation using this approximation method and the results of this calculation are described. This approximation method is found to give an accurate solution to the boundary‐value problem with a minimum of effort. An equation describing the forces still present on the surface of the toroid is developed and the limitation imposed by this equation on the reduction of these forces in the boundary‐value problem is noted.

Magnetomechanical Damping in Iron—Silicon Alloys

R. C. Frank and J. W. Ferman

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2235 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714457 (8 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Experiments with iron‐4% silicon wires containing preferred orientation with the 〈110〉 direction along the axis showed that under these conditions, extremely high magnetomechanical damping can be achieved at low strain levels in a torsion pendulum. The effect of crystallographic orientation on the damping was brought out by experiments on wires of square cross section of grain‐oriented commercial iron‐3% silicon alloy. Internal stress, produced by occluded hydrogen, markedly reduced the magnetomechanical damping in the iron‐4% silicon alloy but recovery began to take place after several days at room temperature. Changes in magnetic induction produced during the torsional oscillations by the inverse Wiedemann effect were measured to obtain an indication of the domain boundary movements. These latter experiments together with the damping experiments support the Summer and Entwistle model for the relationship between the magnetic field at maximum susceptibility, the saturation magnetization, the saturation magnetostriction, and the strain at which maximum damping occurs.

Field Effect of the Reflectivity in Germanium

B. O. Seraphin, R. B. Hess, and N. Bottka

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2242 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714458 (9 pages) | Cited 53 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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This paper reports on simultaneous measurements of the reflectivity at normal incidence between 0.7 and 4.6 eV and the field effect of the surface conductance over a wide range of different surface conditions in germanium samples. In the wavelength region of direct interband transitions, the reflectivity is a function of the surface potential. It is concluded that the electric fields in the surface potential barrier are strong enough to change the optical properties of the surface region by Franz—Keldysh effect. A theoretical estimate based on this assumption reproduces the experimental results qualitatively. Since the effect is observed in reflection rather than in transmission, the influence of an electric field on interband transitions can be studied well above the fundamental absorption edge. It is shown that they are affected by an electric field in a way similar to the transitions which produce the fundamental absorption edge. It is further concluded that the field‐induced change in the absorption coefficient ``undercuts'' the field‐free absorption curve in the top portion of the fundamental absorption edge as predicted by the theory of the Franz—Keldysh effect.

Thickness Vibrations of Saturated Magnetoelastic Plates

H. F. Tiersten

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2250 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714459 (10 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The general, linearized, coupled magnetoelastic equations for arbitrarily anisotropic, magnetically saturated insulators, which were derived in a previous paper, are specialized to the important case of a homogeneous, static biasing state. The equations applicable in the special case of a material in cubic class m3m are determined from the more general ones. Consideration of the material constants known for yttrium iron garnet allows the equations to be simplified considerably because many terms are negligible compared to a few which dominate. These latter equations are applied in the determination of the solution for the thickness vibrations of an infinite cubic plate, which is magnetized to saturation along a cube edge, for two special orientations of the magnetization direction relative to the surface of the plate. In both cases the driving field is normal to the magnetization direction, and it is shown that the fundamental solutions of the differential equations are coupled at the traction‐free and exchange‐torque‐free surfaces of the plate. However, when the fundamental solutions are circularly polarized, only those solutions which have the same sense of circular polarization are coupled. It is further shown, in both instances, that this boundary coupling disappears when the exchange interaction is neglected. In an Appendix, the procedure used to determine the influence of material symmetry on the equations is compared with a more accurate procedure.

Current Distribution in a Thin‐Film Superconducting Strip Transmission Line

A. R. Sass and I. D. Skurnick

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2260 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714460 (8 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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In the long‐wavelength limit, the current distribution in a thin‐film superconducting strip transmission line can be described by an inhomogeneous Fredholm equation of the second kind. By considering a fluxoid conservation derivation of this equation, physical insight into the structure of the kernel follows naturally. An approximate analytic solution to the integral equation is derived for a specified range of geometrical parameters commonly encountered in practice. The solution is obtained by making use of the Liouville—Neumann method of successive iterations and approximating the resulting series by a series involving powers of a defined coupling factor. It is shown that the critical current of the thin‐film superconducting strip transmission line, based on the calculations in the paper and a critical‐current‐density hypothesis, is underestimated by less than 10%.

Amorphous Phase in Palladium—Silicon Alloys

Pol Duwez, R. H. Willens, and R. C. Crewdson

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2267 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714461 (3 pages) | Cited 80 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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By rapid cooling from the melt, an amorphous phase has been obtained in palladium—silicon alloys containing 15 to 23 at.% Si. This phase is stable at room temperature and crystallization cannot be detected after one month at 250°C. With rates of heating greater than 20°C∕min, rapid crystallization takes place at 400°C, with a heat release of approximately 1000 cal∕mole. The electrical resistivity of an alloy containing 17 at.% Si at room temperature is 2.6 times that of the equilibrium alloy. The resistivity decreases linearly with decreasing temperature and is about 95% of the room‐temperature value at 2°K. Various factors involved in the retention of amorphous phases in rapidly quenched liquid alloys are discussed.

Effect of Plastic Deformation on the Thermal Conductivity of Various Ionic Crystals

A. Taylor, H. R. Albers, and R. O. Pohl

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2270 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714462 (9 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Drastic decreases in the thermal conductivity upon deformation similar to those reported by Sproull, Moss, and Weinstock have been found in NaCl, KCl, and NaF crystals. Unexpected differences in the frequency dependence of the phonon—defect relaxation times lead to an investigation of whether point defects, created during the deformation, might influence the phonon scattering. Studies of the recovery kinetics of the thermal conductivity paralleling those carried out on the mass density changes by Silverstone and Pratt on NaCl, and Vaughan et al. on KCl, seemed to exclude this. Experiments on bent LiF further supported the view of Sproull et al. that the thermal conductivity of deformed alkali halides is determined by coherent scattering of phonons off groups of dislocations.

Transition Probabilities for some Ar II Laser Lines

H. Statz, F. A. Horrigan, S. H. Koozekanani, C. L. Tang, and G. F. Koster

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2278 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714463 (9 pages) | Cited 50 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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In the Ar II system transition probabilities are being calculated between states arising from the 3p44p and 3p44s configurations and between states of the 3p44s and 3p5 configurations. We compare these calculations with previous theoretical and experimental work relating to the above‐mentioned transitions as well as to laser data. It is found that the various observed laser transition thresholds between the considered configurations are in reasonable agreement with the calculations. It appears that the various upper maser states are being pumped nonuniformly. It is also found that laser action should persist to rather high current densities. We estimate that, in 2‐mm‐diam tubes, output powers of at least 10 W∕cm3 of gas should be obtainable.

Diffusion and Solubility of Ag in CdS

H. H. Woodbury

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2287 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714464 (7 pages) | Cited 25 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The solubility of Ag in CdS has been measured under conditions of excess sulfur between 375° and 900°C. Also, the distribution coefficient of Ag between CdS and liquid Cd for dilute Ag concentrations has been measured between 500° and 900°C. In addition, the distribution coefficient has been measured at 800°C as a function of the composition of the Cd‐Ag alloy. These solubility measurements are interpreted to indicate at least two and probably three different forms of Ag in CdS. Diffusion profiles have been obtained between 300° and 500°C. The rate of diffusion of Ag shows a strong concentration dependence and is extremely rapid for dilute Ag concentrations. The profiles are discussed in terms of three independent steps in the incorporation of Ag in CdS.

Magnetostriction of Nonferromagnetic Metals

N. C. Anderholm and E. R. Peck

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2293 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714465 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Magnetostriction measurements, made with an interferometric dilatometer at room temperature, are reported for Bi, Sb, W, Nb, Mo, Ta, and V. The measurements were made using magnetic fields to 30 kG on high‐purity single crystals. The results for Bi agree qualitatively with those of Kapitza and Shoenberg. Generally, the Sb results were smaller. The values obtained for the transition elements were the smallest of those measured, but quantitative information on their magnetostrictive properties was obtained.

Whisker Crystals of Gallium Arsenide and Gallium Phosphide Grown by the Vapor—Liquid—Solid Mechanism

R. L. Barns and W. C. Ellis

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2296 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714466 (6 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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GaAs and GaP whisker crystals have been grown by the vapor—liquid—solid mechanism of crystal growth. Gold, palladium, platinum, and gallium have been used to produce the required liquid layer. The system employing wet hydrogen developed by Frosch and Thurmond was used for most of the crystal growing. p‐ and n‐type crystals were produced. GaAs crystals were found to have three morphologies: a twinned ribbon with a 〈112〉 growth direction and {111}, {110}, and {113} lateral faces; a single‐crystal hexagonal needle with a 〈111〉 growth direction and {110} lateral faces; and a newly found habit, a single‐crystal blade which grows in an 〈001〉 direction with {110} lateral faces. The largest GaAs blades were about 8×0.3 ×0.010 mm and grew at a rate of about 1 mm∕h. The twinned ribbon and the 〈001〉, {110} morphologies were found in GaP.

Interaction of Microwaves with an Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic Plasma Column

C. Yeh and W. V. T. Rusch

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2302 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714467 (5 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The problem of the interaction of microwaves with a radially inhomogeneous plasma column confined by an impressed axial static magnetic field is treated analytically. Extensive numerical results for the backscattering cross sections are presented for various interesting ranges of the parameters involved. It is found that the often‐used homogeneous model for interpretation of experimental data can sometimes lead to ambiguous results. This ambiguity arises because of the interdependence of the average plasma frequency, the gyrofrequency, and the inhomogeneity of the plasma density distribution. Further measurements are suggested to distinguish these effects.

Positron Focusing in an Accelerating Field

G. W. Hong

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2306 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714468 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The equation of motion of positrons (or electrons) in an accelerating field and a focusing magnetic field is analyzed with relativistic effects included. An iterative procedure is used to solve the resulting nonlinear differential equation. An example is included to illustrate this technique; it is found that the assumptions involved are consistent with the numerical calculations. The feasibility of the proposed focusing scheme can be determined from the results obtained by this method of analysis.

Creep in Vacuum of MgO Single Crystals and the Electric Field Effect

W. S. Rothwell and A. S. Neiman

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2309 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714469 (8 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Experimental techniques are described and data are presented on bending creep of single‐crystal MgO in vacuum from 800° to 1630°C. Evidence is discussed which supports the conclusion that creep near 1000°C is rate‐controlled by cross‐slip of screw dislocations with an activation energy of 1.5±0.25 eV. Creep above 1300°C takes place at a constant rate with an activation energy of 5.85±0.73 eV and a stress dependence exponent of 3. This creep is attributed to oxygen‐ion diffusion‐controlled climb of edge dislocations.
The effect of an electric field to give a transient acceleration of the creep rate is described. Experiments to define and characterize this effect are described and discussed.
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Piezoelectricity in Highly Conducting Semiconductors

G. Arlt

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2317 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714470 (1 page) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Effects of Irradiation on Thermally Activated Flow in Iron

F. A. Smidt

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2317 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714471 (2 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Some Properties of Irradiated LiF

K. N. Street and E. Teghtsoonian

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2319 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714472 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Need of Contamination for the Epitaxial Growth of Iron on Rocksalt

S. Shinozaki and H. Sato

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2320 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714473 (2 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

High‐Mobility InSb Thin Films by Recrystallization

Joel F. Spivak and James A. Carroll

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2321 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714474 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Emission of Potassium Ions from Molybdenum at Elevated Temperatures

David Lichtman and T. R. Kirst

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2323 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714475 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
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