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1 Jun 1965

Volume 36, Issue 6, pp. 1799-2098

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Disappearance of Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy Effects on Spin Resonance of YIG

E. Czerlinsky and P. D. Gianino

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1799 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714354 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The effect of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy on the resonance of the saturation magnetization vanishes in single‐crystal spheres of YIG for a continuous multiplicity of crystalline directions which form a cone about each 〈100〉. Consequently, the resonance shift caused by the change of anisotropy with temperature is eliminated when the external magnetic field coincides with any direction lying on this cone. It is shown that deviations from the ideal alignment become inconsequential if they occur in predictable crystallographic planes tangent to this contour.

X‐Ray Topography of Decorated Dislocations in Magnesium Oxide

A. R. Lang and G. D. Miles

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1803 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714355 (5 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Combined x‐ray topographic and ultramicroscopic studies have shown a one‐to‐one correspondence between dislocation lines and chains of submicroscopic light‐scattering bodies within a magnesium oxide crystal in the ``as‐received'' state. Dislocations with any orientation and Burgers' vector were found to be decorated. The geometry and Burgers' vectors of various unusual dislocation configurations have been determined. These special configurations all arose from the extension of edge segments in the course of intense dislocation climb combined with a strong preference for a line orientation parallel to a cube direction. The relationship of such configurations to the general distribution of dislocations showed that the epoch of intense dislocation climb had occurred late in the evolution of the dislocation distribution. X‐ray diffraction evidence on whether the climb was due to the absorption of interstitials or of vacancies is as yet inconclusive.

Matteucci Effects in the Case of Dynamical Torsion

B. F. Rothenstein and A. Policec

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1808 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714356 (4 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Experimental arrangements and procedures in the Matteucci‐effects study of ferromagnetics for the case of dynamic torsion in alternating or in direct magnetic fields are described.

Gamma Irradiation of Silicon. III. Levels in p‐Type Material

E. Sonder and L. C. Templeton

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1811 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714357 (5 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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60Co gamma irradiation of p‐type silicon produces donors in the lower half of the forbidden gap. From the temperature dependence of the electrical properties, a level 0.35 eV above the valence band was located for the case of silicon pulled from silica crucibles. For the case of float‐zone silicon, two levels 0.21 and 0.28 eV above the valence band were found. The 0.35‐eV level is introduced at the rate of 10−4 net donors∕cm3 per photons∕cm2. The introduction rate for the 0.21‐eV level is lower than that for the 0.35 level, and that for the 0.27‐eV level is so low that it was difficult to measure.

Problem of Mode Deformation in Optical Masers

H. Statz and C. L. Tang

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1816 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714358 (4 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Fox and Li first calculated mode shapes in Fabry‐Perot‐type oscillators assuming a passive homogeneous medium between the mirrors. In laser oscillators the gain is strongly depressed by saturation in regions where the amplitude of the mode is large, thus giving a nonuniform gain distribution in the cavity. In addition, nonuniformities in the excitation may lead to gain variations. Through numerical solutions it is found that even with nonuniform gain distribution in the transverse direction, the lower order optical modes as originally calculated represent the electromagnetic fields in the cavity rather accurately. The present work justifies earlier calculations of the number of oscillating off‐axis modes in lasers.

Directional Characteristics in Optical Heterodyne Detection Processes

Vincent J. Corcoran

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1819 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714359 (7 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Because of the spatial variation of the electric fields and the finite size of the detector, the output current in a coherent optical detection process varies as a function of orientation. When two unfocused light beams impinge upon the detector, the output current is shown to be identical in form to the amplitude of the field generated at the origin of one of the sources by the other source when the detector is replaced by a reflector. If the effective aperture is increased by focusing the light beams with a single lens, then the directivity increases. However, if multiple apertures are used in order to maintain the images in the same position, the directivity is reduced. The detection of coangular beams, such as from the longitudinal modes of a laser, is relatively insensitive to angle of incidence.

Morphological Changes of a Surface of Revolution due to Capillarity‐Induced Surface Diffusion

F. A. Nichols and W. W. Mullins

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1826 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714360 (10 pages) | Cited 244 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The partial differential equation describing morphological changes of a surface of revolution due to capillarity‐induced surface diffusion has been derived under the assumption of isotropy of surface tension and surface self‐diffusion coefficient. A stable, convergent finite‐difference method has been developed for the general case of an arbitrary surface of revolution and solutions have been obtained for the specific problems of the blunting of field‐emission tips and the sintering of spheres. Spheroidization of cylindrical rods, as well as field‐emission tips with taper below a certain critical value, is predicted; for tapers above the critical value, steady‐state shapes are predicted and equations describing the blunting and recession of the tips are presented. If the sintering results for spheres are represented by a plot of log x∕a vs log t, it is found that the inverse slope varies from approximately 5.5 to approximately 6.5 for the range 0.05≤x∕a≤0.3, in contrast with the constant value of 7 found by Kuczynski from an order‐of‐magnitude analysis. At higher values of x∕a, n increases steadily and without bound.

Plasma Diagnosis by Means of Optical Scattering

S. E. Schwarz

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1836 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714361 (6 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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When a pulse of intense light from a laser passes through a plasma, a very small fraction of the light is scattered out of the beam by free electrons. Measurements of the intensity and spectral distribution of the scattered light can be related to the electron density and velocity distribution in the plasma. This paper presents a general discussion of the use of optical scattering as a plasma diagnostic technique. Applicability to various experimental situations is discussed, and considerations of interest in the design of diagnostic apparatus are presented.
An apparatus has been constructed for the measurement of electron density in cold plasma. The apparatus is described in some detail. Typical results are given for densities as low as 1013 electrons∕cm3.

Infrared Refractive Index and Absorption of InAs and CdTe

O. G. Lorimor and W. G. Spitzer

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1841 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714362 (4 pages) | Cited 36 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Transmission interference fringes from 2690 to 320 cm−1 for InAs and from 1330 to 320 cm−1 for CdTe have been analyzed with classical dispersion theory to obtain the room‐temperature dielectric constants. For InAs the dielectric constant between the band edge and the reststrahl ϵ∞ and the static dielectric constant ϵ0 are: ϵ∞ = 11.8±0.1, ϵ0 = 14.55±0.3; and for CdTe: ϵ∞ = 7.05±0.05, ϵ0 = 10.60±0.15. These values agree favorably with previously reported values. The absorption of InAs has been measured from 2500 cm−1, near the fundamental absorption edge, to 260 cm−1. Eight absorption peaks were observed between 444 and 269 cm−1 which are attributed to multiphonon combinations with the following characteristic phonon frequencies: TO1 = 222 cm−1, TO2 = 214 cm−1, LO = 196 cm−1, and LA = 143 cm−1. The transmission of CdTe has been observed from 10 000 to 220 cm−1. From 10 000 to 450 cm−1 the transmission is essentially constant at ∼60%. Below 400 cm−1 only two previously reported transmission minima were observed.

Sublattice Magnetizations of Yttrium Iron Garnet as a Function of Temperature

E. Prince

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1845 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714363 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The intensity of the 220 neutron reflection of a single crystal of yttrium iron garnet has been measured as a function of temperature from 4.2° up to 598°K. The information from this, when combined with measurements of the saturation magnetization, yields values for the sublattice magnetizations Ma(T) and Md(T) individually. As was found previously with lithium ferrite, the sublattice magnetizations are significantly higher at temperatures between 0.5 Tc and 0.9 Tc, where Tc is the Curie temperature, than those predicted by molecular field theory. It has been shown that the effect of a biquadratic term in the exchange interaction can be approximated by distorting the temperature scale such that T∕Tc = (T′∕Tc)[1+βS2Ma (T′)Md(T′)∕Ma (0)Md(0)], where Ma(T′) and Md(T′) are the sublattice magnetizations calculated at temperature T′ by molecular field methods, S is the spin of the magnetic ions, and β is an adjustable parameter. If the a‐a and d‐d interactions are neglected but the biquadratic correction is introduced with β = 0.04, the same value as in lithium ferrite, the fit with the experimental data is greatly improved. A maximum discrepancy of 5% between the observed and calculated magnetizations corresponds to a discrepancy of 1% in the sublattice magnetizations. This might be accounted for either by an improved approximation or by small values for the a‐a and d‐d interactions.

A Heat‐Flow Problem in Electron‐Beam Microprobe Analysis

G. S. Almasi, J. Blair, R. E. Ogilvie, and R. J. Schwartz

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1848 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714364 (7 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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In low melting point or low decomposition temperature materials with low thermal conductivity the local heating generated by the electron beam of an electron microprobe induces permanent damage to the sample and thus makes the technique unreliable. An aluminum layer of 1‐μ thickness helps to dissipate the heat and lowers the temperature to tolerable levels. This paper analyzes the heat‐flow problem of the two‐layer target, consisting of the sample and the deposited aluminum layer, by the method of images and presents results for various thicknesses of aluminum. Experimental evidence is presented from HgTe and a Bi‐Sb‐Te‐Se alloy on the usefulness of the method.

Problem in Barycentric Coordinates

Victor Klee

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1854 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714365 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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When the phase coexistence pattern of a multicomponent system is known, it is theoretically a simple matter to decide which of the phase fields is represented by a given mixture of the p primary components. However, when p>3 the usual determinantal procedure is time consuming in practice and may even lead to an erroneous conclusion because of round‐off errors. Here is described a short preliminary test which is free of round‐off errors and which eliminates most of the phase fields; the determinantal test is then applied only to those which have not been eliminated by the first test.

Collision‐Rate Theory and the Coagulation of Free‐Molecule Aerosols

J. R. Brock and G. M. Hidy

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1857 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714366 (6 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Collision‐rate theory is used to describe the collision and coagulation of aerosols moving in the free‐molecule regime where the particle diameter σ(v) is small compared to the mean free path L(g) of the suspending gas. A general expression is obtained for the rate of collision between particles. This relation accounts for the directing influences of electrical charging of the particles, external fields of force, and nonuniform states in the suspending medium, including surfaces of discontinuity. It is shown that the results of the free‐molecule theory for thermal coagulation do not agree with the classical theory which has been corrected for the effects of large values of the ratio L(g)/σ(ν). In addition, the free‐molecule results indicate that the directing effects can substantially increase the coagulation rate, even for aerosol particles of small size.

Ultraviolet Ion Laser Transitions between 2300 and 4000 Å

P. K. Cheo and H. G. Cooper

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1862 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714367 (4 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Fifty‐five ultraviolet laser transitions in the wavelength region 2300–4000 Å have been observed from the ions of N, O, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. The electron transition is p → s for all identified lines, with the exception of two xenon transitions which are p → d. Threshold currents for laser action in a 4‐mm‐bore tube were in the ranges 10–100, 100–500, and >400 A, respectively, for singly, doubly, and triply ionized atoms. Current saturation and current quenching of laser action both were observed. Results with two tube bores show that the usual inverse relation between gain and tube diameter does not hold in ultraviolet ion lasers.

Characteristics of Resonance Probes

Toshihiko Dote and Torao Ichimiya

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1866 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714368 (7 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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In the last few years there have been several experimental results on resonance probes which were poorly explained by existing theories. They are, briefly: the resonant frequency increases (A) as the bias voltage of the probe is biased strongly negative, and (B) as a probe of smaller area is employed. In this paper, the characteristics of the resonance probe are analyzed on the basis of the resultant series impedance of the plasma and the sheath, the former being expressed by an antiresonant circuit and the latter by a capacitor. According to this mechanism, not only the experimental facts described above, but also all the characteristics of the resonance probe can be interpreted. For example, the dependence of the resonant peak on the bias voltage of the probe and on the input alternating voltage is elucidated. Furthermore, most of these properties are verified by experiments using a mercury plasma.

Low‐Temperature Heat Capacity of Vitreous Germania

A. A. Antoniou and J. A. Morrison

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1873 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714369 (5 pages) | Cited 36 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The heat capacity of a specimen of pure vitreous germania has been measured between 2.3° and 23°K. An ``excess'' heat capacity is found which is qualitatively similar to that of vitreous silica which has been widely discussed. However, in contrast to the example of vitreous silica, the heat capacity of vitreous germania at the lowest experimental temperatures is very close to that corresponding to the elastic constants.
In the region just above T = 0°K, the ``excess'' heat capacities of both vitreous silica and germania can be accounted for within about the experimental error by the occurrence of small peaks in the low‐frequency part of the vibrational distribution. The ratio of the frequencies of the lowest peaks is about 3, which is very close to the ratio of the temperatures at which acoustic attenuation is observed in the two glasses. Nevertheless, a direct correlation between attenuation and ``excess'' heat capacity does not seem possible. The integrated relaxation strengths of the ultrasonic attenuation are nearly the same in the glasses but the numbers of low frequencies required to explain the initial ``excess'' heat capacities differ by a factor of about 50.

Magnetic Field Effect on the Current Distribution in p‐n Junctions

M. Garfinkel and W. E. Engeler

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1877 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714370 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The effects of magnetic fields upon the current distribution across a p‐n junction are discussed. The magnetic field, acting through the Hall fields in both n‐ and p‐type material, contributes to the junction bias, thereby altering the current flow. The effects of series resistance are considered. The theory gives results in good agreement with measurements made upon a GaAs laser diode.

Intensities of L X‐Ray Spectra of the Lighter Elements

Ralph W. G. Wyckoff and Franklin D. Davidson

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1883 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714371 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Relative intensities, as recorded with a flow proportional counter, have been measured for the L spectral lines of antimony (n = 51) through chlorine (n = 17).

Electron Emission, Electroluminescence, and Voltage‐Controlled Negative Resistance in Al☒Al2O3☒Au Diodes

T. W. Hickmott

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1885 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714372 (12 pages) | Cited 64 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The temperature dependence of the conductivity of Al☒Al2O3☒Au diodes that exhibit voltage‐controlled negative resistance (VCNR) in their current‐voltage (I‐V) characteristics, as well as electron emission and electroluminescence from such diodes, have been studied. Electron emission into vacuum and electroluminescence are both characterized by a steep increase in intensity for diode voltages greater than 1.8 V. Electron emission exhibits a second rise when the diode voltage exceeds the work function of the metal facing vacuum; electroluminescence, in contrast, is quenched when the diode voltage exceeds about 4V. The resistance of Al☒Al2O3☒Au diodes is independent of temperature down to 3°K if Vm, the voltage for maximum current in the I‐V characteristic, is not exceeded. If the full I‐V characteristic is traced out as temperature is decreased, diode resistance increases, VCNR in the I‐V characteristic disappears, and electron emission into vacuum from the diode disappears. The attenuation length for electrons emitted into vacuum through the gold films of Al☒Al2O3☒Au diodes is ∼200 Å, independent of diode voltage; the attenuation length in the oxide is greater than 200 Å. Retarding potential measurements of the normal energy component of emitted electrons, and electroluminescence of diodes, show that some electrons gain energies in the oxide film that are higher than the applied voltage. The maximum excess energy gained is 4.1 V. Electroluminescence occurs from spots on Al☒Al2O3☒Au diodes. The spectrum covers the visible range with peaks of higher intensity at 1.8, 2.3, and 4.0 V. The experimental data are used to derive values of the parameters of a proposed model of VCNR in metal‐insulator‐metal diodes.

Relationship between Preferred Orientation, Thermal Expansion, and Radiation‐Induced Length Changes in Graphite

R. J. Price and J. C. Bokros

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1897 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714373 (10 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Expressions may be derived for the thermal expansion coefficient of polycrystalline graphite in terms of the single‐crystal coefficients and the preferred orientation of the sample. Thermal expansion and preferred orientation measurements were performed on pyrolytic, molded, hot‐worked, extruded‐rod, and extruded‐tube graphites in order to test the validity of this model. They showed that such expressions adequately represent the behavior of several different graphites over a range of temperatures, provided that the ``accommodation'' of a part of the c‐direction crystallite expansion by microcracks is taken into account. The amount of c‐direction accommodation is a function of preferred orientation and the direction of measurement. It is small for the principal c direction in a highly oriented body and large for a random aggregate of crystallites and is probably controlled by the number of microcracks which form on cooling from the graphitization temperature. A model similar to that used for thermal expansion may be used to express the irradiation‐induced dimensional changes in polycrystalline graphite in terms of the preferred orientation of the sample, a contraction in the crystallite a direction, and an expansion in the crystallite c direction which is partially accommodated by microcracks. The model was found to be in reasonable agreement with published irradiation data for a number of graphites.

Diffusion of Nonvolatile Metallic Elements in Graphite

James R. Wolfe, Donald R. McKenzie, and Richard J. Borg

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1906 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714374 (12 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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See Also: Erratum

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The diffusion coefficients for Ag, Ni, U, Th, and Ra diffusing in various types of graphite have been determined as a function of temperature. Good precision is obtained in all cases and the corresponding activation energies are reported. These values, when comparison is possible, do not agree with values previously reported. An explanation is given for the lack of agreement based upon the relative insolubility of metals in graphite. Experimental evidence is presented which indicates that substitutional, pore, and interstitial diffusion are inoperative and that all mass transport proceeds solely via grain and subgrain boundaries. The activation energies and frequency factors are explained by a diffusion model involving widely spaced traps which are situated at imperfections.

Reduction of Electromagnetic Backscatter from a Plasma‐Clad Conducting Body

E. L. Murphy

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1918 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714375 (10 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The investigation of dipole resonance effects in electromagnetic scattering from cylindrical plasma columns is currently directed toward understanding the observed multiplicity of resonances and the effect of magnetic fields, finite temperature, glass envelopes, etc., on these resonances. When a conducting core is embedded in the column, the analysis of this paper shows that not only are the shapes and locations of the resonances modified, but in addition, the possibility then exists for a decrease in the backscatter cross section considerably below the value for the conducting core itself. Although such plasma‐conducting core configurations may not be realizable in the laboratory, large decreases or ``dips'' in the electromagnetic backscatter from hypersonic projectiles have been observed, and there is the possibility that an ionized cloud surrounding the projectile is responsible for the dip, perhaps through the mechanism described here. In this paper, an analysis of this ``resonance‐dip'' phenomenon is described in some detail for the problem of a cylindrical or spherical conducting core surrounded by a uniform concentric plasma layer.

Complex Potential Analysis of Screw Dislocation Arrays

L. D. Webster and H. H. Johnson

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1927 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714376 (7 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Complex potential theory is utilized to analyze the mechanics of screw dislocations on arbitrary glide planes. An analogy with airfoil theory is shown to be useful. General procedures are given for calculating stress fields and distribution functions with the aid of conformal mapping.
The theory is applied to several specific problems, including dislocations on a circular glide plane, on perpendicular intersecting glide planes, and on a glide plane within a thin film. Applications to dislocation pile‐ups on neighboring glide planes are also given.

Domain Structure in BaTiO3 Whiskers

R. D. Dragsdorf and J. C. Crawford

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1934 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714377 (5 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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Ferroelectric barium titanate whiskers have been grown in the presence of a melt containing BaCl2, BaCO3, and TiO2 in molar ratios of 2:2:1, respectively. These whiskers have dimensions of the order of 10μ×10μ×1mm. The domain configurations have been analyzed by observing all 4 sides of the whisker with transmitted polarized light. The majority of the domains are bounded by 90° domain walls, but 180° walls have been observed in some instances. The visible domains were often found to contain small subdomains which were detected by etching the whisker in HF. Bending the whiskers produced wedge‐shaped domains as a stress‐relieving mechanism. Such wedges are divided in the center by 180° domain walls and often contain small spike‐shaped subdomains. It was possible to remove some of the domain walls by the application of an external axial electric field.

Theory of Large‐Amplitude Oscillations in the One‐Dimensional Low‐Pressure Cesium Thermionic Converter

Peter Burger

J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1938 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1714378 (6 pages) | Cited 43 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The large‐amplitude oscillations in a one‐dimensional, low‐pressure cesium thermionic converter are analyzed. With the help of results obtained from computer calculations designed to simulate the operation of the converter, the current oscillations are explained in terms of the changing forms of the potential distribution in the system. The variations in the form of the potential function are explained by means of the concept of a ``temporary dc state.'' Such a state differs from the ideal self‐consistent state in that the electrons and the potential adopt new distributions while the ion distribution stays the same as in the self‐consistent state. In fact, the ions are treated as too heavy to respond to the new potentials while the electrons adjust themselves rapidly to them. The existence of a temporary dc state is decided by solving a static problem only; but if such a state exists, then there is a possibility for relaxation‐type oscillations in the system with frequencies characteristic of the ions.
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