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Journal of Applied Physics / Volume 103 / Issue 3 / APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS—FOCUSED REVIEW

J. Appl. Phys. 103, 031101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2836410 (35 pages)

Multiferroic magnetoelectric composites: Historical perspective, status, and future directions

Ce-Wen Nan1, M. I. Bichurin2, Shuxiang Dong3, D. Viehland3, and G. Srinivasan4

1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
2Institute of Electronic and Informative Systems, Novgorod State University, B. S.-Peterburgskaya st. 41, 173003 Veliky Novgorod, Russia
3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Technology, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
4Physics Department, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA

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(Received 18 July 2007; accepted 28 November 2007; published online 5 February 2008)

Multiferroic magnetoelectric materials, which simultaneously exhibit ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism, have recently stimulated a sharply increasing number of research activities for their scientific interest and significant technological promise in the novel multifunctional devices. Natural multiferroic single-phase compounds are rare, and their magnetoelectric responses are either relatively weak or occurs at temperatures too low for practical applications. In contrast, multiferroic composites, which incorporate both ferroelectric and ferri-/ferromagnetic phases, typically yield giant magnetoelectric coupling response above room temperature, which makes them ready for technological applications. This review of mostly recent activities begins with a brief summary of the historical perspective of the multiferroic magnetoelectric composites since its appearance in 1972. In such composites the magnetoelectric effect is generated as a product property of a magnetostrictive and a piezoelectric substance. An electric polarization is induced by a weak ac magnetic field oscillating in the presence of a dc bias field, and/or a magnetization polarization appears upon applying an electric field. So far, three kinds of bulk magnetoelectric composites have been investigated in experimental and theoretical, i.e., composites of (a) ferrite and piezoelectric ceramics (e.g., lead zirconate titanate), (b) magnetic metals/alloys (e.g., Terfenol-D and Metglas) and piezoelectric ceramics, and (c) Terfenol-D and piezoelectric ceramics and polymer. The elastic coupling interaction between the magnetostrictive phase and piezoelectric phase leads to giant magnetoelectric response of these magnetoelectric composites. For example, a Metglas/lead zirconate titanate fiber laminate has been found to exhibit the highest magnetoelectric coefficient, and in the vicinity of resonance, its magnetoelectric voltage coefficient as high as 102 V/cm Oe orders has been achieved, which exceeds the magnetoelectric response of single-phase compounds by many orders of magnitude. Of interest, motivated by on-chip integration in microelectronic devices, nanostructured composites of ferroelectric and magnetic oxides have recently been deposited in a film-on substrate geometry. The coupling interaction between nanosized ferroelectric and magnetic oxides is also responsible for the magnetoelectric effect in the nanostructures as was the case in those bulk composites. The availability of high-quality nanostructured composites makes it easier to tailor their properties through epitaxial strain, atomic-level engineering of chemistry, and interfacial coupling. In this review, we discuss these bulk and nanostructured magnetoelectric composites both in experimental and theoretical. From application viewpoint, microwave devices, sensors, transducers, and heterogeneous read/write devices are among the suggested technical implementations of the magnetoelectric composites. The review concludes with an outlook on the exciting future possibilities and scientific challenges in the field of multiferroic magnetoelectric composites.

© 2008 American Institute of Physics

Article Outline

  1. INTRODUCTION
  2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
  3. BULK CERAMIC COMPOSITES
    1. Theories of the ME composites
      1. General description
      2. Modeling of particulate ceramic composites
      3. Modeling of laminate ceramic composites
    2. Experiments of bulk ceramic composites
      1. Particulate ceramic composites
      2. Laminate ceramic composites
  4. TWO-PHASE COMPOSITES OF ALLOYS AND PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS
    1. Theories
      1. Physically based modeling
      2. Equivalent-circuit modeling
    2. Experiments
      1. T-T Terfenol-D/PZT laminate
      2. L-T Terfenol-D/PZT and PMN-PT laminates
      3. L-L and push-push terfenol-D/PZT and PMN-PT laminates
      4. L-T bending mode of Terfenol-D/PZT laminates
      5. C-C Terfenol-D/PZT and PZN-PT laminates
      6. ME laminates based on non-Terfenol-D materials
  5. THREE-PHASE COMPOSITES
    1. Quasi-0-3-type particulate composites
    2. Quasi-2-2-type laminate composites
    3. Quasi-1-3-type rod-array composites
    4. Other three-phase composites
  6. NANOSTRUCTURED COMPOSITE THIN FILMS
    1. 1-3–type vertical heterostructures
    2. 2-2–type horizontal heterostructures
    3. Theoretical modeling
  7. APPLICATIONS
    1. Magnetic sensors
      1. ac magnetic field sensors
      2. dc magnetic field sensors
      3. ME current sensors
    2. Transformers and gyrators
    3. Microwave devices
      1. Tunable devices
      2. Resonators
      3. Filters
      4. Phase shifters and delay lines
  8. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
    1. Bulk ceramic composites
    2. Magnetic alloy based composites
    3. Nanostructures

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KEYWORDS and PACS

Keywords

elasticity, ferrites, ferromagnetic materials, laminates, lead compounds, magnetoelectric effects, metallic glasses, multiferroics, piezoceramics, polymers, reviews

PACS

  • 77.84.Lf

    Composite materials

  • 75.80.+q

    Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction

  • 77.80.-e

    Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity

  • 77.65.-j

    Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects

  • 81.40.Jj

    Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations

  • 62.20.D-

    Elasticity

ARTICLE DATA

Digital Object Identifier
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2836410

PUBLICATION DATA

ISSN

0021-8979 (print)  
1089-7550 (online)

Publisher

$abstract.society.value is a Member of CrossRef American Institute of Physics

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